Today in History: First Christmas Celebration Held in Rome

December 25 is the 359th day of the year (360th in leap years) according to the Gregorian calendar. The number of days left until the end of the year is 6.

Railways

• 25 December 1917 V. Railway Battalion was formed. These troops laid 259 km decovil lines during the war.
• 25 December 1936 Nafia Deputy Ali Çetinkaya and Orient Railways (Edirne-Sirkeci 337 km) with the agreement between the National Railways joined the National Railways. 6 million pounds for the purchase of this amount 5 20 interest rate was paid per year XNUMX.

Events

• 336 – The first Christmas celebration was held in Rome.
• 1522 – Rhodes came under Ottoman rule.
• 1638 – Ottoman Army entered Baghdad.
• 1683 – II. Upon the unsuccessful siege of Vienna, Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed by drowning.
• 1809 – American doctor Ephraim McDowell took a 10-pound tumor from the ovary of Jane Todd Crawford, who came to her clinic saying she was pregnant. This made history as the first successful lower abdominal surgery. Crawford lived another 21 years.
• 1921 – Liberation of Gaziantep from French occupation
• 1922 – In the secret session of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Prime Minister H. Rauf Orbay's statements and discussions about the Lausanne Conference were held.
• 1926 - Upon the death of Emperor Taisho of Japan, his son Hirohito becomes Emperor.
• 1932 – 7,6 magnitude earthquake in Guangzhou, China: 70.000 people died.
• 1936 – The Eastern Railways was purchased by the Turkish Government.
• 1952 – The trial of Said-i Nursi began.
• 1963 – Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources was established.
• 1963 – EOKA, the National Organization for the Struggle for Cyprus in Cyprus, launched attacks against Turks all over the island. Many Turkish Cypriots died. Turkish warplanes made flights over Cyprus.
• 1963 – İsmet İnönü formed a new coalition government with independent deputies.
• 1972 - 10 people died in the earthquake in Nicaragua.
• 1976 – 100 people died when their ship sank while returning from Hajj.
• 1979 – Tunceli Public Prosecutor Mustafa Gül was killed.
• 1981 – Ankara Martial Law Court closed All Teachers' Union and Solidarity Association (TÖB-DER). The prosecutor's office claimed that TÖB-DER was “aiming for a Marxist-Leninist order”.
• 1985 – Turkey's first fictitious export case concluded: Yahya Demirel was sentenced to 23 years and 4 months in prison.
• 1986 – İGDAŞ was established.
• 1989 - Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena Ceausescu were executed. The Ceausescu couple were tried in an extraordinary court.
• 1990 – Tim Berners-Lee; He laid the foundations for HTML and the World Wide Web. For the first time, a server connection was made between two computers using hypertext technology.
• 1991 - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns from the post of president of the Soviet Union. The country officially disbanded the next day.
• 1991 – PKK militants threw Molotov cocktails at Çetinkaya Stores in Istanbul Bakırköy. 11 people died in the fire.
• 2000 – Russian President Vladimir Putin signed the law on the adoption of the new Russian National Anthem, which was prepared on top of the Soviet Union Anthem with newly written lyrics by Aleksandr Alexandrov.
• 2021 – The James Webb Space Telescope takes off with the Ariane 5 rocket.

Births

• 1250 – IV. John, Emperor of Nicaea (d. 1305)
• 1617 – Jean de Coligny-Saligny, French noble and military commander (d. 1686)
• 1717 – VI. Pius, Pope (d. 1799)
• 1720 – Anna Maria Pertl Mozart, mother of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Maria Anna Mozart (d. 1778)
• 1724 – John Michell, English natural philosopher and priest (d. 1793)
• 1730 – Noël Martin Joseph de Necker, Belgian physician and botanist (d. 1793)
• 1763 – Claude Chappe, French scientist (d. 1805)
• 1787 – Akif Pasha, Ottoman statesman, poet and writer (d. 1845)
• 1837 – Cosima Wagner, German pianist and composer (d. 1930)
• 1849 – Nogi Maresuke, general in the Imperial Japanese Army (d. 1912)
• 1852 – Lionel Royer, French painter (d. 1926)
• 1859 – Colin H. Campbell, Canadian politician (d. 1914)
• 1869 – Emir Shekib Arslan, Lebanese writer, politician and intellectual (d. 1946)
• 1870 – Helena Rubinstein, Polish-Jewish American businesswoman (d. 1965)
• 1876 ​​– Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistani founder and Nobel Peace Prize laureate (d. 1948)
• 1876 ​​– Adolf Windaus, German chemist (d. 1959)
• 1878 – Louis Chevrolet, Swiss-American race car driver and businessman (d. 1941)
• 1878 – Joseph M. Schenck, Russian-American film studio executive (d. 1961)
• 1883 – Hugo Bergmann, Israeli philosopher (d. 1975)
• 1885 James Ewing, American pathologist (d. 1943)
• 1886 – Kid Ory, American jazz trombonist and bandleader (d. 1973)
• 1887 – Conrad Hilton, American businessman (d. 1979)
• 1890 – Mustafa Çokay, member of Turkistan Alas Orda government, journalist and writer (d. 1941)
• 1893 – Harry Stenqvist, Swedish cyclist (d. 1968)
• 1896 – Hermann Jonasson, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1976)
• 1899 – Humphrey Bogart, American actor (d. 1957)
• 1901 – Hans Turistg, American billionaire businessman, investor, civic leader, and philanthropist (d. 1963)
• 1904 – Gerhard Herzberg, German-Canadian physicist and physical chemist (d. 1999)
• 1904 – Étienne Mattler, French former football player (d. 1986)
• 1905 – Selahattin Batu, Turkish veterinarian, academician, politician and literary scholar (d. 1973)
• 1905 – Muzaffer Kuşakçıoğlu, Turkish politician (d. 1978)
• 1906 – Ernst Ruska, German physicist (d. 1988)
• 1908 – Quentin Crisp, British author, storyteller and actor (d. 1999)
• 1908 – Yaşar Nabi Nayır, Turkish writer (d. 1981)
• 1910 – Elevter Andronikashvili, Georgian physicist (d. 1989)
• 1911 – Louise Bourgeois, French sculptor (d. 2010)
• 1911 – Emil Konopinski, American nuclear scientist (d. 1990)
• 1913 – Tony Martin, American singer and actor (d. 2012)
• 1913 – George Koval, American spy, scientist, candidat (d. 2006)
• 1916 – Ahmed Ben Bella, first President of Algeria (d. 2012)
• 1917 – Nermin Erdentuğ, Turkish anthropologist (d. 2000)
• 1918 – Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt and Nobel Peace Prize laureate (d. 1981)
• 1918 – Henry Hillman, American billionaire businessman, investor, civic leader, and philanthropist (d. 2017)
• 1919 – Fikret Kırcan, Turkish former football player and manager (d. 2014)
• 1923 – Yusuf Nalkesen, Turkish composer (d. 2003)
• 1925 – Carlos Castaneda, Peruvian-born American writer (d. 1998)
• 1925 – Pink Marmara, Turkish Cypriot poet (d. 1984)
• 1927 – Ram Narayan, Indian musician
• 1927 – Nijat Özön, Turkish linguist, film historian and translator (d. 2010)
• 1932 – Mustafa Sağyaşar, Turkish classical music artist and choirmaster
• 1933 – Joachim Meisner, German cardinal, bishop of the Roman Catholic Church
• 1938 – Emil Brumaru, Romanian poet and writer (d. 2019)
• 1943 - Hanna Schygulla, German actress
• 1949 – Mustafa Cengiz, Turkish businessman, sports manager, former bureaucrat and 37th President of Galatasaray (d. 2021)
• 1950 – Alaattin Yuksel, Turkish entrepreneur and politician
• 1951 – Alexander Shohin, Russian businessman
• 1952 - Desirelessi French singer and musician
• 1954 – Annie Lennox, Scottish singer
• 1958 - Alannah Myles, Canadian singer
• 1959 – Michael P. Anderson, US Air Force officer and NASA astronaut (d. 2003)
• 1960 – Ebubekir Sifil, Turkish academic, theologian and writer
• 1961 – Ales Debeljak, Slovenian writer (d. 2016)
• 1971 - Dido, British pop singer
• 1971 – Justin Trudeau, Canadian politician and 23rd Prime Minister of Canada
• 1974 – Rober Hatemo, Turkish singer
• 1976 – Armin van Buuren, Dutch DJ
• 1976 – Tuomas Holopainen, Finnish musician
• 1977 – Ayşegül Baklacı, Turkish athlete
• 1977 – Ali Tandogan, Turkish football player
• 1977 – Priya Rai, Indian-American pornographic film actress
• 1979 – Ferman Akgül, Turkish songwriter, composer, musician and lead singer of the rock band maNga
• 1979 – Sinan Kaynakçı, Turkish singer, composer and lyricist
• 1987 – Ceyhun Gülselam, Turkish national football player
• 1993 – Hamide Kurt, sprinter, Turkish paralympic athlete
• 1996 – Emiliano Buendía, Argentine football player

Deaths

• 795 – Hadrian I, pope from 1 February 772 until his death on 25 December 795 (b. 772)
• 1554 – Pedro de Valdivia, Spanish conquistador and first governor of Chile (b. 1500)
• 1605 – Marino Grimani, 89th Duke of the Republic of Venice (b. 1532)
• 1652 – Alonso de Sandoval, Spanish Jesuit priest and missionary in Colombia (b. 1576)
• 1683 – Kara Mustafa Pasha from Merzifon, Ottoman Grand Vizier (executed) (b. 1634/1635)
• 1824 – Barbara von Krüdener, Russian occultist (b. 1764)
• 1853 – Joseph von Radowitz, Prussian conservative statesman, diplomat, and general (b. 1797)
• 1878 – Anna Claypoole Peale, American painter (b. 1791)
• 1909 – Richard Bowdler Sharpe, English zoologist and ornithologist (b. 1847)
• 1921 – Vladimir Korolenko, Russian and Ukrainian short story writer, journalist, human rights activist (b. 1853)
• 1925 – Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (b. 1877)
• 1926 – Taisho, emperor of Japan (b. 1879)
• 1933 – Refet Topçuoğlu, Turkish politician (b. 1872)
• 1933 – Ahmet Hamdi Altiok, Turkish politician (b. 1878)
• 1938 – Karel Čapek, Czechoslovak writer (b. 1890)
• 1939 – Turhan Tan, Turkish journalist (b. 1886)
• 1942 – Adolf Mayer, German agricultural chemist (b. 1843)
• 1946 – WC Fields, American comedian (b. 1880)
• 1948 – Pompeu Fabra, Spanish engineer and grammarian (b. 1868)
• 1949 – Leon Schlesinger, American filmmaker (b. 1884)
• 1950 – İsmail Şükrü Çelikalay, Turkish clergyman and politician (b. 1876)
• 1956 – Robert Walser, German-Swiss writer (b. 1878)
• 1957 – Charles Pathé, French film and sound industry pioneer (b. 1863)
• 1961 – Otto Loewi, German-born pharmacologist (b. 1873)
• 1963 – Tristan Tzara, Romanian-born French poet and writer (b. 1896)
• 1973 – İsmet İnönü, 2nd President of Turkey (b. 1884)
• 1977 – Charlie Chaplin (Charlo), English film director, actor, writer and comedian (b. 1889)
• 1979 – Joan Blondell, American actress (b. 1906)
• 1983 – Joan Miró, Catalan painter (b. 1893)
• 1988 – Shōhei Ōoka, Japanese novelist, literary critic, and translator of French Literature (b. 1909)
• 1989 – Nicolae Ceausescu, President of Romania (executed) (b. 1918)
• 1989 – Elena Ceausescu, Romanian Deputy Prime Minister (executed) (b. 1916)
• 1995 – Emmanuel Levinas, Lithuanian-French philosopher (b. 1906)
• 1995 – Dean Martin, American singer and film actor (b. 1917)
• 1997 – Denver Pyle, American actor, businessman, and director (b. 1920)
• 2000 – Willard Van Orman Quine, American philosopher and logician (b. 1908)
• 2005 – Birgit Nilsson, Swedish dramatic soprano (b. 1918)
• 2006 – James Brown, American singer (b. 1933)
• 2008 – Eartha Kitt, American singer and actress (b. 1927)
• 2010 – Carlos Andres Perez, Venezuelan politician (b. 1922)
• 2012 – Şerafettin Elçi, Turkish politician (b. 1938)
• 2013 – Adnan Şenses, Turkish composer, songwriter, actor and Turkish Classical Music singer (b. 1935)
• 2014 – Alberta Adams, American jazz and blues singer (b. 1917)
• 2015 – Zehran Alluş, Syrian opposition soldier and politician (b. 1971)
• 2015 – Karen Friesicke, German actress and comedian (b. 1962)
• 2016 – Yelizaveta Glinka, Russian female doctor and human rights activist (b. 1962)
• 2016 – Anton Gubankov, Russian journalist, civil rights activist, and TV host (b. 1965)
• 2016 – Valeri Halilov, Russian military conductor and composer (b. 1952)
• 2016 – George Michael, English singer-songwriter (b. 1963)
• 2016 – Vera Rubin, American astronomer (b. 1928)
• 2017 – Larry Libertore, Former American football player and politician (b. 1939)
• 2017 – Carlos Stohr, Czech Republic-born Venezuelan painter (b. 1931)
• 2018 – Álex Figueroa, Chilean politician and physicist (b. 1961)
• 2018 – Nancy Roman, American astronomer and scientist (b. 1925)
• 2018 – Sigi Schmid, German-American coach and coach (b. 1953)
• 2019 – Ari Behn, Danish-born Norwegian writer (b. 1972)
• 2019 – Táňa Fischerová, Czech actress, writer, television presenter, politician and human rights activist (b. 1947)
• 2019 – Mahmut Gareyev, Soviet-Russian Army military general, historian and scientist (b. 1923)
• 2020 – Ivan Bogdan, Soviet-Ukrainian wrestler (b. 1928)
• 2020 – Soumaïla Cisse, Malian politician (b. 1949)
• 2020 – Anil Nedumangad, Indian actor and television presenter (b. 1972)
• 2020 – Engin Nurşani, Turkish Classical Music singer (b. 1984)
• 2020 – Barbara Ellen Rose, American art historian, critic, academic, and filmmaker (b. 1936)
• 2020 – Maksim Tsihalka, Belarusian national football player (b. 1983)
• 2021 – Jean-Marc Vallée, Canadian film director, screenwriter, and producer (b. 1963)

Holidays and special occasions

• Christmas (Natural Day)