Today in History: Adolf Hitler Becomes Germany's Führer

August 2 is the 214th (215th in leap years) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. The number of days left until the end of the year is 151.

Railways

• 2 August 1914 General mobilization has been announced, and then the General Directorate of Military Railways has confiscated railways belonging to French and British companies. German and Austrian companies continued. Hicaz Railways were also under military rule. During the war, the railway closed for civilian transportation and the pilgrimage could not be carried out.
• 2 August 1944 Law No. 20 on 4643 million credit for the construction of railways up to Iraq and Iran border.
• 2 August 1991 Çamlık Steam Locomotive Museum opened.

Events

• 216 BC – Battle of Cannae: Romans defeated by Hannibal.
• 1492 – After the deadline given to the Jews in Spain to change their religion and otherwise leave the country, most of the Spanish Jews came to Istanbul with Kemal Reis' galleys and were tolerated by the Ottoman Empire.
• 1875 - The world's first ice rink opens in London.
• 1914 – A secret cooperation agreement was signed between the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire, mobilization was declared in the Ottoman Empire.
• 1919 – Issued by Ali Kemal, who wrote articles against the National Struggle. peyam newspaper began its publication life. (peyam, later on (Sabah in conjunction with the newspaper Peyam-i Sabah published under the name.
• 1926 – The Bozkurt ship and the French Lotus ship collided in the Aegean Sea; Bozkurt ship sank, 8 people died. After the accident, the process, which started as the “Bozkurt-Lotus case”, entered the literature as the “Lotus principle” with the acceptance of the Turkish thesis in the International Court of Justice and became a rule for all countries.
• 1934 - Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany. The totalitarian regime began.
• 1939 - The Ministry of Justice issued a circular stating that there would be no public execution.
• 1945 – The Postdam Conference ends. II. US President Harry Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Union President Joseph Stalin, who came together in Potsdam to shape the post-World War II Europe, concluded their talks. In accordance with the decision taken at the Conference, Germany; It was divided into four separate occupation zones to be administered by American, British, French and Soviet commanders.
• 1950 – Konya Journalists Association was founded.
• 1955 – Flood in Zonguldak: 3 dead, 560 houses and shops flooded.
• 1958 – The highest rate of devaluation in the history of the Republic was made, and 1 dollar was increased from 2.80 lira to 9 lira. It was announced that the devaluation rate reached 221 percent.
• 1967 – Trabzonspor Club was founded.
• 1980 – A bomb explodes at the Bologna Train Station in Italy; 84 people died. The right-wing Revolutionary Union organization claimed responsibility for the action.
• 1987 – Bone marrow transplant was performed for the first time in a patient with blood cancer in Turkey.
• 1990 - Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded Kuwait. The Emir of Kuwait, Jabir al-Ahmed al-Sabah, fled to Saudi Arabia.
• 1991 - Chile and Argentina signed an agreement to end more than a century of border disputes between them.
• 1997 - Mohammad Khatami becomes the new President of Iran
• 2001 – Genocide convicted Serbian general Radislav Krstić is sentenced to 1995 years in prison by the War Crimes Tribunal in The Hague for murdering thousands of Muslims in Srebrenica (Bosnia-Herzegovina) in July 46.
• 2005 – The French Minister of Health, Xavier Bertrand, requested an investigation into this matter after the discovery of 351 child bodies, which were stated to have died or were stillborn shortly after birth, stored in the morgue of the Saint-Vincent-de-Paul hospital in Paris.

Births

• 1612 – Saskia van Uylenburgh, wife of Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn (d. 1642)
• 1696 – Mahmut I, 24th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1754)
• 1834 – Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, French sculptor (d. 1904)
• 1867 – Ali Ekrem Bolayır, Turkish poet (b. 1937)
• 1868 – Constantine I, King of Greece (d. 1923)
• 1882 George Sargent, English golfer (d. 1962)
• 1897 – Philippe Soupault, French writer and poet (d. 1990)
• 1923 – Shimon Peres, Israeli politician and 9th President of Israel (d. 2016)
• 1924 – James Baldwin, African-American author (d. 1987)
• 1925 – John Dexter, English theater, film and opera director (d. 1990)
• 1932 – Peter O'Toole, Irish actor (d. 2013)
• 1934 – Valeri Bikovsky, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2019)
• 1935 – Ion Ungureanu, Moldovan actor and politician (d. 2017)
• 1938 – Sırrı Elitaş, Turkish film actor, screenwriter and director (d. 2015)
• 1939 – Wes Craven, American film director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2015)
• 1939 – Ursula Karusseit, German actress (d. 2019)
• 1941 – Jules A. Hoffmann, Luxembourg-born French biologist
• 1942 - Isabel Allende, Chilean writer
• 1942 – Leo Beenhakker, Dutch coach
• 1945 – Joanna Cassidy, American actress
• 1951 – Joe Lynn Turner, American musician
• 1952 – Ahmet Uğurlu, Turkish theater and film actor
• 1952 – Alain Giresse, French football player and manager
• 1952 – Osman İşmen, Turkish conductor, composer and arranger
• 1955 – Fahreddin Manafov, Azerbaijani actor
• 1957 – Muharrem Yılmaz, Turkish businessman and 15th President of TUSIAD
• 1960 – Emine Beder, Turkish food writer
• 1963 – Uğur Tütüneker, Turkish coach and former national football player
• 1964 – Mary-Louise Parker, American actress
• 1968 - Stefan Effenberg is a former German football player.
• 1969 – Cedric Ceballos, American former professional basketball player
• 1969 – Fernando Couto, Portuguese former football player
• 1970 – Kevin Smith, American director and actor
• 1972 – Mohammed Abdulaziz ed-Da'ayya', former Saudi national football player
• 1974 – Barış Yarkadaş, Turkish journalist, politician and writer
• 1975 – Mineiro, Brazilian football player
• 1976 – Sam Worthington, Australian actor
• 1977 – Edward Furlong, American actor
• 1978 – Goran Gavrančić, Serbian football player
• 1978 – Deividas Šemberas, former Lithuanian football player
• 1979 – Evrim Alasya, Turkish actress
• 1982 – Hélder Postiga, Portuguese former football player
• 1983 – Michel Bastos, Brazilian national football player
• 1984 – Giampaolo Pazzini, Italian national football player
• 1987 – Yura Movsisyan, Armenian football player
• 1989 – Nacer Chadli, Moroccan-Belgian football player
• 1992 – Charli XCX, English singer-songwriter
• 1994 – Jang Jung-Won, South Korean football player
• 1995 – Kristaps Porziņìs, Latvian professional basketball player
• 1999 – Mark Lee, Canadian rapper

Deaths

• 257 – Stephen I was pope from 12 May 254 until his death in 257
• 924 – Ælfweard, eldest son of Edward the Elder by his second wife, Ælfflæd (b. 902)
• 1100 – William Rufus, King of England (b. 1056)
• 1277 – Muineddin Süleyman, Anatolian Seljuk period statesman (b. ?)
• 1445 – Oswald von Wolkenstein, German poet, composer and diplomat (b. 1376)
• 1512 – Alessandro Achillini, Italian physician, anatomist, and philosopher particularly influenced by the scholastic philosopher William of Ockham (b. 1463)
• 1589 – III. Henri, King of France (b. 1551)
• 1667 – Francesco Borromini, Italian-born Swiss architect (b. 1599)
• 1788 – Thomas Gainsborough, English painter (b. 1727)
• 1799 – Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier, French inventor and hot air balloonist (b. 1745)
• 1815 – Guillaume Marie Anne Brune, French field marshal and politician (b. 1763)
• 1823 – Lazare Carnot, French soldier and statesman (b. 1753)
• 1849 – Mehmet Ali Pasha of Kavala, Governor of Egypt and first Khedive of Egypt and Sudan (b. 1769)
• 1859 – Horace Mann, American educational reformer (b. 1796)
• 1873 – Robert Curzon, British diplomat and traveler (b. 1810)
• 1876 ​​– Wild Bill Hickok, American gunslinger, scout, and lawman (b. 1837)
• 1919 – Tibor Szamuely, Hungarian communist politician (b. 1890)
• 1921 – Enrico Caruso, Italian tenor (b. 1873)
• 1922 – Alexander Graham Bell, American inventor and inventor of the telephone (b. 1847)
• 1923 – Warren G. Harding, 29th President of the United States (b. 1865)
• 1930 – Ahmet Fehim, Turkish director, theater and cinema artist (b. 1856)
• 1934 – Paul von Hindenburg, German field marshal and politician (b. 1847)
• 1945 – Pietro Mascagni, Italian composer (b. 1863)
• 1973 – Jean-Pierre Melville, French film director (b. 1917)
• 1973 – Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist and Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1881)
• 1976 – Fritz Lang, Austrian director, screenwriter, and filmmaker (b. 1890)
• 1979 – Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, Peruvian politician (b. 1895)
• 1988 – Raymond Carver, American short story writer and poet (b. 1938)
• 1996 – Michel Debré, French statesman (b. 1912)
• 1996 – Obdulio Varela, Uruguayan football player and manager (b. 1917)
• 1997 – William S. Burroughs, American novelist and essayist (b. 1914)
• 1997 – Fela Kuti, Nigerian musician, record producer, and human rights activist (b. 1938)
• 2000 – Boran Kaya, Turkish entertainer and presenter (b. 1965)
• 2008 – Osman Yağmurdereli, Turkish producer and politician (b. 1953)
• 2014 – Kemal Bingöllü, Lawyer, one of the leaders of the 68 generation (b. 1939)
• 2014 – Barbara Prammer, Austrian politician (b. 1954)
• 2015 – Giovanni Conso, Italian lawyer and politician (b. 1922)
• 2015 – Natalya Molchanova, Russian swimmer and freediver, record holder in free tube diving (b. 1962)
• 2016 – Terence Bayler, New Zealand actor (b. 1930)
• 2016 – David Huddleston, famous American actor (b. 1930)
• 2016 – Ahmed Zewail, Egyptian scientist and Nobel Prize laureate in Chemistry (b. 1946)
• 2017 – Wanda Chotomska, Polish writer of children's stories, screenwriter and poet (b. 1929)
• 2017 – Robin Eady, British professor of dermatology (b. 1940)
• 2017 – Daniel Licht, American soundtrack composer and musician (b. 1957)
• 2017 – Peter Rösch, Swiss former international football player (b. 1936)
• 2018 – Neil Argo, American soundtrack composer (b. 1947)
• 2018 – Givi Chikvanaia, Georgian-Soviet water polo player (b. 1939)
• 2018 – Herbert King, Colombian actor (b. 1963)
• 2018 – Winston Ntshona, South African actor and playwright (b. 1941)
• 2018 – Viktor Tyumenev, Soviet-Russian ice hockey player (b. 1957)
• 2019 – Gunder Bengtsson, Swedish manager (b. 1946)
• 2019 – Vahakn Dadrian, Former sociology professor (b. 1926)
• 2019 – Alexandra Strelchenko, Ukrainian actress and singer of Soviet-Russian descent (b. 1937)
• 2020 – Grigor Aresyan, American-Armenian archaeologist, historian, academic and politician (b. 1949)
• 2020 – Leon Fleisher, American pianist and conductor (b. 1928)
• 2020 – Leslie Randall, English actor (b. 1924)
• 2020 – Tootie Robbins, American football player (b. 1958)
• 2020 – Anant Shet, Indian politician (b. 1961)
• 2020 – Jaksılık Üşkempirov, Kazakh Greco-Roman wrestler (b. 1951)
• 2020 – Kamal Rani Varun, Indian politician (b. 1958)
• 2021 – Lilia Aragón, Mexican actress and politician (b. 1938)

Holidays and special occasions

• Roma Genocide Remembrance Day