Today in History: Ankara Ethnography Museum Opened to the Public

July 18 is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) according to the Gregorian calendar. The number of days left until the end of the year is 166.

Railways

• With the completion of the Nafia Proxy dated 18 July 1920, the “Directorate of Anatolian-Baghdad Railways” was established.

Events

• 390 BC – The Gauls win the Battle of Allia between the Roman Republic and Gaul.
• 656 - Ali bin Abu Talib became caliph.
• 1919 – The Allied Supreme Council made a division between Italy and Greece, which could not agree on the occupation zones, and it was decided to give Aydın to the Italians.
• 1920 – Misak-ı Milli was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly. The Grand National Assembly took an oath on the National Pact.
• 1925 - Adolf Hitler, his personal manifesto in which he expresses his national socialist ideas Mein Kampf'I (my fight) has been published.
• 1930 – Ankara Ethnography Museum was opened to the public.
• 1932 – Turkey was accepted as the 56th member of the Cemiyet-i Akvam (League of Nations).
• 1932 – In Turkey, the Arabic reading of the Adhan is officially banned throughout the country. The Directorate of Religious Affairs announced this ban to the relevant authorities.
• 1939 – Takas Limited Şirketi was established.
• 1941 – II. World War II: In order to meet the increasing national defense needs, 'saving bonds' were introduced to the market. 5, 25, 100 and 1.000 lira savings bonds; Arranged for 3, 6 and 12 month terms. The public showed great interest in the 4 million bonds with interest rates varying between 6 and 25 percent.
• 1945 – The first step of multi-party democratic life was taken: The National Development Party was founded. Among the founders of the party were names such as Nuri Demirağ, Hüseyin Avni Ulaş and Cevat Rıfat Atilhan.
• 1946 – İzmir Journalists Association was founded.
• 1964 – Batman Oil Refinery workers' strike, which lasted for 10 days, ended with the help of the Council of Ministers and Türk-İş.
• 1964 – An agreement on 'cotton export' was signed between Turkey and the USA.
• 1964 – A labor agreement was signed between Turkey and Belgium.
• 1968 – The Intel company was founded in Santa Clara, California.
• 1974 – Joseph Sisco, assistant to US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, came to London and met with Bülent Ecevit. He learned of Ecevit's conditions for him to abandon the intervention and moved to Athens to discuss them with the Greeks.
• 1975 - The Apollo-Soyuz docking was televised.
• 1976 – Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci scores 10 full points at the Summer Olympics. Thus, she became the first gymnast to score full points in the history of the Olympic Games.
• 1995 – UN Secretary General Boutros Gali, who was previously announced to come to Turkey on 18 July, had to cancel his visit because he was afraid of the public's reaction.
• 1996 – A US passenger plane bound for Paris explodes off Long Island, New York; There were no survivors of the 230 passengers.
• 1997 – Yücel Yener was appointed as the General Manager of TRT.
• 1998 – The engine of an airplane belonging to THY, which made the Istanbul-Ankara flight, burned down. Due to the fire, which caused fearful moments to the passengers, the plane made a forced landing at Atatürk Airport.
• 2016 – State of Emergency declared in Turkey for 3 months.

Births

• 1552 – II. Rudolf, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1612)
• 1635 – Robert Hooke, English hezarfen (d. 1703)
• 1670 – Giovanni Battista Bononcini, Italian baroque composer and cellist (d. 1747)
• 1811 – William Makepeace Thackeray, English writer (d. 1863)
• 1853 – Hendrik A. Lorentz, Dutch physicist and Nobel Prize laureate in Physics (d. 1928)
• 1882 – Manuel Gálvez, Argentine writer and poet (d. 1962)
• 1883 – Lev Kamenev, Soviet Communist leader (d. 1936)
• 1897 – Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, English chemist (d. 1967)
• 1906 – Clifford Odets, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 1963)
• 1909 – Andrey Gromiko, Soviet diplomat and Foreign Minister (d. 1989)
• 1909 – Mohammed Daoud Khan, President of Afghanistan (d. 1978)
• 1911 Hume Cronyn, Canadian actor (d. 2003)
• 1916 – Charles Kittel, American physicist (d. 2019)
• 1916 – Kenneth Armitage, English sculptor (d. 2002)
• 1918 – Nelson Mandela, South African politician (d. 2013)
• 1921 – John Glenn, American aviator, engineer, astronaut, and politician (d. 2016)
• 1922 – Thomas Samuel Kuhn, American philosopher and historian of science (d. 1996)
• 1928 – Stig Grybe, Swedish actor and comedian (d. 2017)
• 1929 - Dick Button, American figure skater and Olympic champion
• 1931 – Hakkı Kıvanç, Turkish cinema and TV series actor (d. 2015)
• 1933 – Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Soviet poet (d. 2017)
• 1934 – Darlene Conley, American actress (d. 2007)
• 1935 - Tenley Albright, American figure skater
• 1937 – Nevzat Eren, Turkish medical doctor (d. 2000)
• 1941 – Bedrettin Dalan, Turkish engineer and politician
• 1942 – Giacinto Facchetti, Italian football player and former President of FC Internazionale Milano Club (d. 2006)
• 1948 – Hartmut Michel, German biochemist
• 1948 – Jeanne Cordova, American LGBT rights activist and author (d. 2016)
• 1950 – Richard Branson, English investor and businessman
• 1953 – Turgay Tanülkü, Turkish cinema, TV series and theater actor
• 1955 – Banu Avar, Turkish writer, journalist, program producer and presenter
• 1956 – Meral Akşener, Turkish politician
• 1957 – Kaisha Atakhanova, Kazakh biologist
• 1959 – Erdal Çelik, Turkish musician, composer and lyricist
• 1959 – Mustafa Kemal Uzun, Turkish actor and film director (d. 2017)
• 1961 – Elizabeth McGovern, American stage, film actress, and musician
• 1962 – Lee Arenberg, American film and television actor
• 1965 – Petra Schersing, formerly an athlete for East Germany
• 1967 - Vin Diesel, American actor
• 1968 – Grant Bowler, New Zealand-born Australian actor
• 1969 – Hege Riise, Norwegian former football player
• 1971 - Penny Hardaway, American professional basketball player
• 1971 – Ryan Church, American designer
• 1974 - Derek Anderson, American former professional basketball player
• 1975 – Daron Malakian, American guitarist and vocalist
• 1975 – MIA, Sri Lankan-English singer, songwriter and composer
• 1975 – Ertem Şener, Turkish sports announcer and presenter
• 1976 – Cansın Özyosun, Turkish TV actress
• 1977 – Alexander Morozevich, Russian chess player
• 1977 - Kelly Reilly, English actress
• 1978 – Mélissa Theuriau, French journalist and television presenter
• 1980 - Kristen Bell, American actress
• 1981 – Michiel Huisman, Dutch actor, singer and songwriter
• 1982 – Marcin Dołęga, Polish weightlifter
• 1982 – Priyanka Chopra, Indian actress and singer
• 1983 - Carlos Diogo, Uruguayan football player
• 1983 – Jan Schlaudraff, German football player
• 1985 – Chace Crawford, American movie and TV star
• 1987 – Carlos Eduardo Marques, Brazilian football player
• 1988 – Hakan Arslan, Turkish football player
• 1988 – Änis Ben-Hatira, German-born Tunisian national football player
• 1988 – Elvin Mammadov, Azerbaijani football player
• 1988 – Merve Özbey, Turkish singer
• 1989 – Semyon Antonov, Russian national basketball player
• 1989 – Dmitri Soloviev, Russian figure skater
• 1993 – Nebil Fekir, French football player

Deaths

• 707 – Emperor Mommu, 42nd emperor of Japan in traditional succession (b. 683)
• 715 – Muhammad bin Qasim al-Sakafi, Umayyad commander who conquered Sind (b. 692)
• 1100 – Godfrey de Bouillon, Belgian Crusader knight and First Crusade leader (b. 1060)
• 1194 – Guy of Lusignan, French Crusader (b. 1150)
• 1566 – Bartolomé de las Casas, Seville-born writer, historian, priest, and one of the first defenders of international law and human rights norms (b. 1484)
• 1610 – Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi), Italian painter (b. 1571)
• 1697 – António Vieira, Portuguese Jesuit missionary and writer (b. 1608)
• 1721 – Antoine Watteau, French painter (b. 1684)
• 1792 – John Paul Jones, founder of the United States Navy (b. 1747)
• 1817 – Jane Austen, English writer (b. 1775)
• 1863 – Robert Gould Shaw, American officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War (b. 1837)
• 1872 – Benito Juárez, Mexican lawyer and politician (b. 1806)
• 1887 – Dorothea Lynde Dix, American social reformer and humanist (b. 1802)
• 1890 – Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters, German-American astronomer, one of the first asteroid explorers (b. 1813)
• 1891 – Şevki Bey, Turkish composer (b. 1860)
• 1892 – Thomas Cook, English clergyman and businessman (founder of the "Thomas Cook" travel company known as his own name (b. 1808)
• 1901 – Carlo Alfredo Piatti, Italian cellist and composer (b. 1822)
• 1919 – Raymonde de Laroche, French pilot and woman who received the world's first aircraft pilot license (b. 1882)
• 1932 – Jean Jules Jusserand, French diplomat, historian, and author (b. 1855)
• 1936 – Antonia Mercé i Luque, Argentine-Spanish dancer (b. 1890)
• 1938 – Marie, last Romanian consort queen as wife of King Ferdinand I (b. 1875)
• 1946 – Dragoljub Mihailović, II. Yugoslav-Serbian general who served in World War II (b. 1893)
• 1949 – Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer and pedagogue (b. 1870)
• 1950 – Albert Eckstein, German pediatrician and academic (b. 1891)
• 1958 – Henri Farman, English-French pilot and engineer (b. 1874)
• 1965 – Refik Halit Karay, Turkish journalist and writer (b. 1888)
• 1967 – Castelo Branco, Brazilian soldier and politician (b. 1897)
• 1968 – Corneille Jean François Heymans, Belgian physiologist (b. 1892)
• 1973 – Jack Hawkins, English actor (b. 1910)
• 1978 – Mehmet Bedrettin Köker, Turkish lawyer (b. 1897)
• 1980 – Andrée Vaurabourg, French pianist and teacher (b. 1894)
• 1982 – Roman Osipovich Jakobson, Russian philosopher (b. 1896)
• 1986 – Stanley Rous, English football man (b. 1895)
• 1990 – Yun Boseon or Yun Po-sun, South Korean politician and activist (b. 1897)
• 1996 – Donny the Punk, American political activist (b. 1946)
• 1996 – José Manuel Fuente, Spanish road cyclist and climbing expert (b. 1945)
• 2002 – Metin Toker, Turkish journalist, writer and Contingent Senator (Ismet İnönü's son-in-law) (b. 1924)
• 2005 – William Childs Westmoreland, US Army general (b. 1914)
• 2012 – Rajesh Khanna, Indian actor and filmmaker (b. 1942)
• 2012 – Jean François-Poncet, French diplomat, politician (b. 1928)
• 2012 – Davud Abdullah Rajiha, Syrian soldier (b. 1947)
• 2012 – Asif Şevket, Syrian politician (b. 1950)
• 2012 – Hasan Ali Turkmani, Syrian soldier and politician (b. 1935)
• 2014 – Dietmar Otto Schönherr, Austrian actor (b. 1926)
• 2015 – Alessandro Federico Petricone, Jr., American actor (b. 1936)
• 2016 – Uri Coronel, Dutch businessman and sports executive (b. 1946)
• 2017 – Max Gallo, French historian, writer and politician (b. 1932)
• 2017 – Shigeaki Hinohara, Japanese psychiatrist and academic (b. 1911)
• 2018 – Ling Li, Chinese author, academic, engineer, and historian (b. 1942)
• 2018 – Burton Richter, Nobel Prize-winning American physicist (b. 1931)
• 2019 – Yukiya Amano, Japanese politician and diplomat (b. 1947)
• 2019 – Tuncer Cücenoğlu, Turkish playwright and translator (b. 1944)
• 2019 – Luciano De Crescenzo, Italian writer, actor, director and engineer (b. 1928)
• 2019 – David Hedison, American stage, film and television actor (b. 1927)
• 2020 – Vishnu Raj Atreya, Nepali writer and poet (b. 1944)
• 2020 – Charles Bukeko, Kenyan actor and comedian (b. 1962)
• 2020 – René Carmans, Belgian professional football player (b. 1945)
• 2020 – Elize Cawood, South African actress (b. 1952)
• 2020 – Katherine B. Hoffman, American chemist and academic (b. 1914)
• 2020 – Juan Marsé, Spanish novelist, screenwriter and journalist (b. 1933)
• 2020 – Martha Mmola, South African female politician (b. ?)
• 2020 – Haruma Miura, Japanese actor and singer (b. 1990)
• 2020 – Cécile Reims, French engraver and writer (b. 1927)
• 2020 – David Romero Ellner, Honduran journalist, lawyer and politician
• 2020 – Jope Ruonansuu, Finnish actor, artist, musician and stand-up comedian (b. 1964)
• 2020 – Jaybee Sebastian, Filipino high-profile prisoner (b. 1980)
• 2020 – Henrique Soares da Costa, Brazilian Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1963)
• 2020 – Lucio Urtubia, Spanish anarchist, activist and writer (b. 1931)

Holidays and special occasions

• Mandela Day