Today in History: Mustafa Kemal Pasha Set off to Samsun to Start the War of Independence

May 16 is the 136st day of the year (137nd in leap years) according to the Gregorian calendar. The number of days left until the end of the year is 229.

Railways

• May 16, 1888 Mauser and Director of Wurttembergische Vereinsbank Alfred Kaulla Deutsche Bank General Manager Georgvon made a request for the railway to be built in Anatolia in a letter he wrote to Siemens, and his reply on August 9 declared that he agreed to attempt the concession.
• 16 May 1991 TCDD Ankara Open Air Steam Locomotive Museum is opened.

Events

• 1204 – During the Fourth Crusade, Baudouin I is crowned as the first Latin Emperor, taking Constantinople and establishing the Latin Empire.
• 1717 - Writer François-Marie Arouet, known as Voltaire, is imprisoned in the Bastille Prison for his anti-religious and anti-royal writings.
• 1770 – In the Palace of Versailles, XVI. Louis and Marie Antoinette got married.
• 1836 - Poet and author Edgar Allan Poe married his 13-year-old cousin, Virginia.
• 1888 – Emile Berliner, the inventor of the gramophone, introduced this instrument he had developed in Philadelphia.
• 1919 – Mustafa Kemal Pasha set off from Istanbul to Samsun to start the Turkish War of Independence.
• 1926 – Vahidettin (Mehmet VI) died due to heart failure in San Remo, Italy.
• 1929 - The Academy Awards are first given in Hollywood, California. US silent film at the 1st Academy Awards ceremony Wings (Wings), won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
• 1943 – The resistance of the Jewish community in the Warsaw Ghetto against the Nazi occupation, called the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, was broken. The survivors began to be sent to the Treblinka concentration and extermination camp. According to German records, 56 thousand people were killed.
• 1952 – Equal pay for women is enacted in the UK.
• 1957 – IBM's newly developed computer weighed 21 tons.
• 1960 – Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev asks US President Dwight D. Eisenhower to apologize for the American U-2 spy planes flown over Soviet Union territory.
• 1961 – Theater artist Cüneyt Gökçer, King Lear'He went to Moscow to play.
• 1969 - The Soviet spacecraft "Venera 5" landed on the planet Venus.
• 1974 – Josip Broz Tito is re-elected President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Tito was elected President for life this time.
• 1975 - Japanese mountaineer Junko Tabei becomes the first woman to summit Everest.
• 1975 – Sikkim became the 22nd state of India as a result of a referendum.
• 1979 – The Process Leading to the September 12, 1980 Coup in Turkey (1979 - September 12, 1980), Piyangotepe Massacre: A coffeehouse in Ankara Piyangotepe, where leftists generally go, was raided by right-wing Ali Bülent Orkan and other militants. 7 people were killed, 2 people were injured.
• 1983 – After the 12 September period, the Nationalist Democracy Party, the first political party in the transition to democracy, was established.
• 1984 – The 10 years and 8 months sentence of convicted non-commissioned officer Şükrü Bağ for the murder of publisher İlhan Erdost by beating in Mamak Prison became final.
• 1988 - The US Federal health authority reports that the addictive properties of nicotine are very similar to those of heroin and cocaine.
• 1992 – The historical Galata Bridge collapsed as a result of a fire in a restaurant under the bridge and became unusable. The bridge was built by the British in 1875 for 105 gold coins.
• 1993 – DYP Chairman and Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel became the ninth President of Turkey with 244 votes.
• 1996 – DYP Chairman Tansu Çiller said that she could not make a statement about the hidden appropriation and that it was a state secret.
• 2000 – The end of the Presidency of Süleyman Demirel and the start of the Presidency of Ahmet Necdet Sezer.
• 2001 – The plane belonging to the Bordeaux beret crashed in Malatya, 34 soldiers lost their lives.
• 2010 – envisaging uranium swap between Iran and Western countries; An agreement on the joint formula of Turkey, Brazil and Iran was reached after 18 hours of negotiations. As a result of the agreement, Prime Minister Erdogan went to Tehran.
• 2010 – Bursaspor became the first team to become the champion after the big 4 in the Turkcell Super League.

Births

• 1611 – XI. Innocentius, religious leader of the Catholic Church (d. 1689)
• 1821 – Pafnuty Lvovich Chebyshov, Russian mathematician (d. 1894)
• 1883 – Celal Bayar, Turkish politician and 3rd president of Turkey (d. 1986)
• 1894 – Walter Yust, American journalist and publisher (d. 1960)
• 1898 Kenji Mizoguchi, Japanese director (d. 1956)
• 1905 – Henry Fonda, American actor and Oscar winner (d. 1982)
• 1919 – Liberace, American musician (d. 1987)
• 1923 – Merton Miller, American economist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)
• 1925 – Nancy Roman, American astronomer and scientist (d. 2018)
• 1940 – Ole Ernst, Danish actor (d. 2013)
• 1944 – Danny Trejo, American actor
• 1950 – J. Georg Bednorz, German physicist and Nobel Prize laureate in Physics
• 1953 – Pierce Brosnan, Irish actor
• 1965 – Vincent Regan, Welsh actor
• 1966 Janet Jackson, American singer
• 1967 – Metin Şentürk, Turkish singer
• 1969 – David Boreanaz, American actor
• Tracey Claire Fisher, known as: Tracy Gold, American actress
• 1970 – Gabriela Sabatini, Argentine tennis player
• 1971 – İlknur Bozkurt, Turkish actress, singer and presenter
• 1973 Tori Spelling, American actress and writer
• 1974 – Laura Pausini, popular Italian singer
• 1975 – Tony Kakko, Sonata Arctica vocalist, Finnish musician and songwriter
• 1977 Melanie Lynskey, New Zealand actress
• 1977 Emilíana Torrini, Icelandic singer
• 1978 – Lionel Scaloni, Argentine former football player
• 1978 – James Sturgess, English actor and musician
• 1978 – Okan Yılmaz, Turkish former national football player and coach
• 1981 – Ricardo Costa, Portuguese former defender
• 1981 Joseph Morgan, English actor and director
• 1981 – Sergei Novitski, Russian figure skater
• 1981 – Ali Özen, Turkish taekwondo player
• 1981 – Jim Sturgess, English actor
• 1982 – Joo Ji Hoon, South Korean model and actor
• 1982 – Łukasz Kubot, Polish professional tennis player
• 1982 – Tiya Sircar, Indian-American actress
• 1983 – Nancy Ajram, Lebanese singer and businesswoman
• 1985 – Ricardo Jesus, Brazilian football player
• 1985 – Henrique Pacheco Lima, Brazilian football player
• 1985 – Minoru Suganuma, Japanese former football player
• 1985 – Elias Mendes Trindade, Brazilian national football player
• 1985 – Stanislav Yanevski, Bulgarian actor
• 1986 – Eleni Artimata, Greek Cypriot sprinter
• 1986 - Megan Fox, American actress
• 1987 – Can Bonomo, Turkish singer, composer and lyricist
• 1987 – Olena Homrova, Ukrainian fencer
• 1989 – Behati Prinsloo, Namibian model
• 1989 – Felipe Augusto de Almeida Monteiro, Brazilian football player
• 1990 – Deniz Akdeniz, Australian actor
• 1990 – Ognjen Kuzmic, Serbian professional basketball player
• 1990 – Gizem Memic, Turkish model and Beauty Queen title holder
• 1990 – Thomas Brodie-Sangster, English actor
• 1991 – Amido Baldé, Portuguese football player
• 1991 – Grigor Dimitrov, Bulgarian professional tennis player
• 1991 – Gueïda Fofana, French former football player
• 1991 – Gina Gerson, Russian pornographic film actress
• 1991 – Guzmán Pereira, Uruguayan football player
• 1991 – Eglė Šikšniūtė, Lithuanian professional basketball player
• 1991 – Ashley Wagner, American figure skater
• 1992 – Kervens Belfort, Haitian footballer
• 1992 - Hayato Nakama, Japanese football player
• 1993 – Ricardo Esgaio, Portuguese football player
• 1993 – Lee Ji-eun better known by her stage name IU South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress
• 1993 – Atticus Mitchell, Canadian actor
• 1994 – Selim Gündüz, Turkish-German football player
• 1994 – Miles Heizer, American actor
• 1994 – Bryan Rabello, Chilean football player
• 1996 – José Mauri, Italian football player

Deaths

• 1703 – Charles Perrault, French writer (b. 1628)
• 1798 – Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Austrian Jesuit priest and numismatist (b. 1737)
• 1830 – Joseph Fourier, French scientist (b. 1768)
• 1857 – Vasily Tropinin, Russian romantic painter (b. 1776)
• 1861 – John Stevens Henslow, English botanist and geologist (b. 1796)
• 1862 – Jan Baptist van der Hulst, Flemish painter and lithographer (b. 1790)
• 1926 – VI. Mehmet (Vahidettin), 36th and last sultan of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1861)
• 1942 – Bronisław Malinowski, Polish anthropologist, scientist (b. 1884)
• 1943 – James Ewing, American pathologist, discoverer of Ewing sarcoma (b. 1885)
• 1952 – Memduh Şevket Esendal, Turkish writer (b. 1883)
• 1953 – Django Reinhardt, Belgian jazz guitarist and composer (b. 1910)
• 1957 – Eliot Ness, American federal agent (b. 1903)
• 1961 – Ralf Törngren, Finnish politician (b. 1899)
• 1984 – Andy Kaufman, American comedian and actor (b. 1949)
• 1984 – Ercüment Behzat Lav, Turkish poet, actor and radio broadcaster (b. 1903)
• 1984 – Irwin Shaw, American author (b. 1913)
• 1985 – Margaret Hamilton, American film and stage actress (b. 1902)
• 1989 – Seyyan Hanım (Seyyan Oskay), Turkish tango singer (b. 1913)
• 1990 – Sammy Davis, Jr., American black dancer, singer, musician, comedian, and actor (b. 1925)
• 1997 – Önder Somer, Turkish film actor (b. 1937)
• 1998 – Sevim Tanürek, Turkish music artist (b. 1934)
• 2007 – Gohar Gasparyan, Armenian-Egyptian opera singer (b. 1924)
• 2010 – Ronnie James Dio, American heavy metal vocalist (b. 1942)
• 2010 – Hank Jones, American jazz pianist (b. 1918)
• 2013 – Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss scientist and Nobel Prize laureate in Physics (b. 1933)
• 2014 – Ferit Mevlüt Aslanoğlu, Turkish politician (b. 1952)
• 2015 – Moshe Levinger, Israeli Zionist, orthodox cleric (b. 1935)
• 2015 – Dean Potter, American free climber (b. 1972)
• 2016 – Romaldo Giurgola, Italian-born architect, lecturer and writer (b. 1920) who worked first in the USA and later in Australia
• 2017 – Alain Casabona, French novelist and short story writer (b. 1950)
• 2017 – Outi Ojala, Finnish Left Alliance politician (b. 1946)
• 2017 – Doug Somers, American professional wrestler (b. 1951)
• 2017 – Rosa Nell Speer, American Gospel singer and pianist (b. 1922)
• 2018 – Ferenc Bréda, Romanian essayist, poet, literary critic, historian, translator and theatrical (b. 1956)
• 2018 – Joseph Campanella, American actor (b. 1924)
• 2018 – Yuriko Hoshi, Japanese actress (b. 1943)
• 2018 – Gérard Jouanest, French pianist and composer (b. 1933)
• 2018 – Eloísa Mafalda, Brazilian actress (b. 1924)
• 2018 – Salih Mirzabeyoğlu, Kurdish-born Turkish poet and writer (leader of the Islamic Great Eastern Raiders Front (IBDA/C) organization) (b. 1950)
• 2018 – Lucian Pintilie, Romanian film director and screenwriter (b. 1933)
• 2019 – Piet Blauw, Dutch politician and entrepreneur (b. 1937)
• 2019 – David Cervinski, former Australian football player (b. 1970)
• 2019 – Bob Hawke, former Australian politician, Prime Minister of Australia from 1983-1991 (b. 1929)
• 2019 – Peer Mascini, Dutch actor (b. 1941)
• 2019 – Ashley Massaro, American former professional wrestler and model (b. 1979)
• 2019 – Ieoh Ming Pei, Chinese-American architect and Pritzker Architecture Prize winner (b. 1917)
• 2020 – Mário Chermont, Brazilian politician and lawyer (b. 1937)
• 2020 – Wilson Roosevelt Jerman, American butler who served 11 different US presidents in the White House (b. 1929)
• 2020 – Pilar Pellicer, Mexican actress (b. 1938)
• 2020 – Lynn Shelton, American film director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1965)
• 2020 – Arthur Summons, retired Australian rugby union player and coach (b. 1935)