Today in History: Toxic Gas Attack on Halabja by Order of Saddam Hussein

March 16 is the 75th day of the year (76st in leap years) according to the Gregorian calendar. The number of days left until the end of the year is 290.

Railways

• 16 March 1899 At the request of Il Wilhelm, a comprehensive meeting was held between the General Manager of Deusche Bank Siemens and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Baghdad Railway.
• 16 March 1920 The Allied Powers took measures against the Delegation after they officially occupied Istanbul. Mustafa Kemal Pasha wanted the following measures to be taken in his telegram: “The invasion of the Geyve Strait by the national forces and the destruction of the Şimendifer bridge, the arrest of the Allied forces along the line in order to seize the lines and materials of the Geyve, Ankara, Pozanti district, the Anatolian line commissioner in Konya. he would ensure that it was operated immediately by confiscating the trains. ” The bridge between Çiftehan-Ulukışla was blown up. This prevented the French from entering the interior areas.

Events

• 597 BC – Babylonian Exile: After the Babylonian conquest of the Kingdom of Judah, the Jews were exiled to Babylon.
• 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan arrives on the island of Homonhon in the Philippines.
• 1848 – Teachers' Schools Established.
• 1909 - Germany's national football team suffered the most distinctive defeat in its history against England: 9-0.
• 1914 – Mustafa Hayri Efendi from Ürgüp was appointed as Şeyhülislam.
• 1920 – The Allies occupied Istanbul.
• 1921 – The USSR officially recognized the Ankara Government; The Moscow Treaty was signed.
• 1924 – After the adoption of the Law of Unification of Education (March 3), madrasahs were closed.
• 1924 - Italy annexed Rijeka in line with the Treaty of Rome.
• 1926 - Robert H. Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket.
• 1930 - The Cuban national football team made its international debut against Jamaica and won 3-1.
• 1932 – Ankara Demirspor was founded.
• 1935 - Adolf Hitler announces that he has canceled the Treaty of Versailles.
• 1939 - Hitler announced at Prague Castle that he had taken Bohemia and Morayva under German protection.
• 1939 – Princess of Egypt Fevziye Fuad and Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlavi got married.
• 1945 – II. World War II: The Battle of Iwo Jima ends, although little Japanese resistance remains.
• 1964 – In the extraordinary meeting held in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, the Government was given the authority to intervene in Cyprus when necessary.
• 1968 - United States president Johnson decides to send 35.000 to 50.000 more troops to Vietnam.
• 1968 – The My Lai massacre took place during the Vietnam War.
• 1971 – Deniz Gezmiş and Yusuf Aslan were caught after a clash with the gendarmerie in Gemerek, Sivas.
• 1972 – Senate of the Republic; Deniz Gezmiş approved the death sentence for Yusuf Aslan and Hüseyin Inan.
• 1978 – March 16 Massacre: 7 students died in a bomb attack on students in front of Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy.
• 1978 – In Italy, former Prime Minister Aldo Moro was kidnapped by the Red Brigades.
• 1979 – Sino-Vietnamese War: The Chinese People's Liberation Army returns to its country. The war is over.
• 1980 – The Process Leading to the 12 September 1980 Coup in Turkey (1979 - 12 September 1980): 33 prisoners escaped from Van Prison by digging a tunnel.
• 1988 – On the orders of Saddam Hussein, poison gas attack was carried out in Halabja.
• 1993 – Efes Pilsen, the first Turkish basketball team to reach the final in the European Clubs Cup, lost to Greece's Aris team and became the second: 50 – 48.
• 1994 – Six deputies, five of whom were from DEP, who were detained after their immunity was lifted by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, were referred to the State Security Court on the grounds that they opposed Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code. Deputies accused of treason were arrested and imprisoned.
• 1996 – Professor İlhan Arsel's “We are ProfessorsIn the trial of his book ”, Prosecutor Abdurrahman Yılancı rejected Judge Yücel Yurdakul, accusing him of bias. It was the first time in the history of the Turkish courthouse that the Prosecutor rejected the Judge.
• 1999 – 70-day air campaign launched against Serbian forces in Kosovo.
• 2003 - Rachel Corrie is crushed to death by Israeli tanks.
• 2004 – 8 out of 5 Chinese workers were killed and 3 were injured in the firedamp explosion at the Karadon mine of the Turkish Hard Coal Corporation.
• 2005 – Israel officially handed over Jericho to the Palestinian Authority.
• 2014 – Crimea agrees to leave Ukraine and pass to Russia in a controversial referendum.

Births

• 1399 – Xuande, fifth emperor of China's Ming Dynasty (d. 1435)
• 1750 – Caroline Herschel, German-English astronomer (d. 1848)
• 1751 – James Madison, 4th President of the United States (d. 1836)
• 1755 – Jakob Laurenz Custer, Swiss botanist (d. 1828)
• 1771 – Antoine-Jean Gros, French painter (d. 1835)
• 1774 – Matthew Flinders, British Royal Navy colonel, sailor, and cartographer (d. 1814)
• Georg Ohm, German physicist (d. 1854)
• Francis Rawdon Chesney, English general and explorer (d. 1872)
• 1794 – Ami Boué, Austrian geoscientist (d. 1881)
• 1796 – Cincinnato Baruzzi, Italian sculptor (d. 1878)
• 1800 – Ninkō, 120th emperor of Japan in traditional succession (d. 1846)
• 1810 – Robert Curzon, British diplomat and traveler (d. 1873)
• 1813 – Gaëtan de Rochebouët, French politician (d. 1899)
• 1839 – Sully Prudhomme, French poet and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)
• 1846 – Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Swedish mathematician (d. 1927)
• 1846 – Jurgis Bielinis, Lithuanian publisher and writer (d. 1918)
• 1853 – William Eagle Clarke, British ornithologist (d. 1938)
• 1859 – Aleksandr Stepanovich Popov, Russian physicist (d. 1906)
• 1862 – Wil van Gogh, Dutch nurse and early feminist (d. 1941)
• 1874 – Frédéric François-Marsal, French politician (d. 1958)
• 1878 – Henry B. Walthall, American artist and film actor (d. 1936)
• 1879 – Mark Sykes, English author, diplomat, soldier, and traveler (d. 1919)
• 1883 – Rudolf John Gorsleben, German Ariosophist, Armanist (prayer of Armanen runes), magazine editor, and playwright (d. 1930)
• 1890 – Solomon Mikhoels, Soviet Jewish actor and artistic director (d. 1948)
• 1892 – César Vallejo, Peruvian poet and writer (d. 1938)
• 1896 – Otto Hofman, civil servant in Nazi Germany (d. 1982)
• 1907 – Arkadi Vasilyev, Soviet writer (d. 1972)
• 1908 – Robert Rossen, American director, screenwriter, and producer (d. 1966)
• 1909 – Nubar Terziyan, Armenian-born Turkish film actor (d. 1994)
• 1911 – Josef Mengele, German (Nazi) physician (d. 1979)
• 1912 – Pat Nixon, wife of the 37th President of the United States, Richard Nixon (d. 1993)
• 1915 – Haldun Taner, Turkish writer (d. 1986)
• 1926 – Jerry Lewis, American actor, comedian, and singer (d. 2017)
• 1927 Vladimir Komarov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1967)
• 1940 – Bernardo Bertolucci, Italian director (d. 2018)
• 1943 – Murat Belge, Turkish writer, translator, political activist and academic
• 1946 – Mustafa Alabora, Turkish theater, cinema, TV series actor and voice actor
• 1948 – Tomris İncer, Turkish theater, cinema and TV series actor (d. 2015)
• 1953 – Richard Matthew Stallman, American free software activist and founder of the GNU project and the Free Software Foundation
• 1959 – Jens Stoltenberg, Norwegian economist and politician
• 1965 – Mustafa Taşkesen, Turkish bureaucrat
• 1967 - Lauren Graham, American actress
• 1971 - Alan Tudyk, American actor
• 1973 – Kutsi, Turkish singer, composer, actor and songwriter
• 1976 – Gökcen Özdoğan Enç, Turkish politician
• 1980 – Bahri Tanrıkulu, Turkish taekwondo athlete
• 1986 – Alexandra Daddario, American actress
• 1990 – Josef Hušbauer, Czech football player

Deaths

• 37 – Tiberius, Roman Emperor (b. 42 BC)
• 455 – III. Valentinian, Western Roman Emperor (b. 419)
• 1608 – Seonjo, 14th king of the Joseon Kingdom (b. 1552)
• 1649 – Jean de Brébeuf, Jesuit missionary (b. 1593)
• 1664 – Ivan Vykhovsky, Kazakh hetman (b. ?)
• 1736 – Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian musician (b. 1710)
• 1822 – Jeanne Louise Henriette Campan, French educator and author (b. 1752)
• 1898 – Aubrey Beardsley, English illustrator and author (b. 1872)
• 1913 – Tatyos Efendi, Ottoman Armenian musician (b. 1858)
• 1919 – Yakov Sverdlov, Jewish Russian revolutionary (b. 1885)
• 1929 – Kel Hasan Efendi, Turkish bath maker (b. 1865)
• 1935 – John James Richard Macleod, Scottish physician and physiologist (Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine and discoverer of Insulin) (b. 1876)
• 1938 – Egon Friedell, Austrian philosopher, historian, journalist, actor, cabaret performer and theater critic (b. 1878)
• 1940 – Selma Lagerlöf, first Swedish woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1858)
• 1944 – Mehmed Abdulkadir Efendi, II. Son of Abdülhamid and Bidâr Kadınefendi (b. 1878)
• 1955 – Nicolas de Staël, French painter (b. 1914)
• 1957 – Constantin Brâncuşi, Romanian sculptor and pioneer of contemporary abstract sculpture (b. 1876)
• 1966 – Emin Türk Elinç, Turkish writer (b. 1906)
• 1988 – Erich Probst, Austrian football player (b. 1927)
• 1998 – Pertev Naili Boratav, Turkish folklore researcher (b. 1907)
• 2000 – Thomas Ferebee, American pilot (bomber of the Enola Gay plane that dropped the Atomic bomb) (b. 1918)
• 2003 – Rachel Corrie, American peace activist (crushed by Israeli tanks) (b. 1979)
• 2015 – Firuz Çilingiroğlu, Turkish lawyer and Honorary Chief Prosecutor of the Supreme Court (b. 1924)

Holidays and special occasions

• World Conscience Day
• World Sleep Day
• Withdrawal of Russian and Armenian troops from Khorasan district of Erzurum (1918)