Today in History: Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club was Established

March 3 is the 62th day of the year (63st in leap years) according to the Gregorian calendar. The number of days left until the end of the year is 303.

Railways

• 3 March 1922 Mustafa Kemal Pasha asked the General Directorate of Railways in Konya to replace the Greek officials on the railways with Turkish officials.

Events

• 1845 - Florida became the 27th state of the USA.
• 1861 – Serfdom that tied peasants to land was abolished in the Russian Tsardom. II. The law passed by Alexander liberated 23 million people (a third of the population).
• 1865 – Founding of HSBC (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation).
• 1875 - The first indoor ice hockey was played in Montreal.
• 1875 – Georges Bizet's Carmen Opera opens its curtains for the first time at the Opéra Comique in Paris.
• 1878 – The Treaty of San Stefano was signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia. Bulgaria declared its autonomy.
• 1883 – Mektebi Sanayii Nefise (Fine Arts Academy) was opened for education.
• 1891 - In football, the penalty kick rule was introduced.
• 1903 – Beşiktaş Gymnastics Club was founded.
• 1915 – NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), which would later become NASA, is established.
• 1923 – The United Kingdom, which did not want to lose its control in the region, attacked the forces of Sheikh Mahmut Barzanji, who established the Kingdom of Kurdistan in the South of Iraq. In the attacks launched by the Royal Air Force, Sulaymaniyah and surrounding Kurdish villages were bombed and 10000 people died. Upon this event, the Sheikh Mahmut Berzenci movement was defeated in 1924. On July 24, 1924, it was definitively attached to the United Kingdom Mesopotamia Mandate.
• 1923 - The first issue of Time magazine is published.
• 1924 – The law regarding the abolition of the caliphate and the expulsion of the members of the Ottoman Dynasty out of Turkey was accepted. The Law of Tevhîd-i Tedrisat was enacted. The Ministries of Sharia and Evkaf and War were abolished. The Directorate of Religious Affairs and the General Directorate of Foundations were established. The General Staff was created and separated from the Government.
• 1925 – To prevent the growth of Sheikh Said's revolt, the Law of Proclamation was passed; Independence Courts were established.
• 1931 – In the Barbers Congress convened in Istanbul, it was decided that the barber shops would be closed on Fridays.
• 1938 - Oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia.
• 1942 – Turkish Painters Society was founded in Istanbul. Founded by İbrahim Çallı from the Fine Arts Union, Halil Dikmen from the D Group, Mahmut Cuda from the Independent Painters and Sculptors Union, and Hamit Görele, one of the independent artists, the Society attracted great attention and the number of members reached 70 during its founding phase.
• 1945 – Bombardment of Bezuidenhout. The British bomber team wanted to bomb Haagse Bos (the forests of The Hague), the V-2 launch base that the Germans had set up to bomb British cities, but the pilots were given the wrong coordinates. Because of this, many Dutch citizens died and many buildings were destroyed.
• 1949 – Soprano Ayhan Alnar, who played the lead role in the representation of Madame Butterfly staged in Athens, achieved great success. The Greek audience gave Ayhan Alnar a standing ovation at the end of the performance.
• 1950 - Alaska became the 49th state of the USA.
• 1952 – An earthquake with a magnitude of 5,6 on the Richter scale, which occurred in Pasinler District of Erzurum, caused loss of life and property. 133 people were killed and 262 injured.
• 1952 – The Islamic Democrat Party was closed by a court decision. An investigation was launched against Chairman Cevat Rıfat Atilhan and 15 founding members.
• 1954 – Çırağan Palace, which was the subject of dispute between the Istanbul Municipality and the Treasury, was transferred to the Istanbul Municipality by a law. The wreckage of the Çırağan Palace will be turned into a hotel by the end of 1955.
• 1962 – The “Law on Measures”, which was prepared to prevent acts and behaviors against the Constitution and the democratic order, was accepted in the National Assembly.
• 1955 - Elvis Presley first appeared on television.
• 1957 – Corry Brokken wins the 2nd Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Net als toen" (Like Before).
• 1969 - NASA launched the Apollo 9 spacecraft.
• 1969 – Sirhan Sirhan confessed in court that he killed Robert F. Kennedy.
• 1971 – Chief of General Staff Memduh Tağmaç, who made a speech to 300 officers in Ankara, said, “What is necessary will be done when necessary”.
• 1973 – The National Trust Party, the Republican Party and the Independents founded the Republican Trust Party. Turhan Feyzioğlu was elected as the Chairman.
• 1974 – Turkish Airlines DC-10 type 'Ankara' passenger plane crashed near Orly Airport in Paris. In the biggest accident that took place in the history of world civil aviation to this date, 346 people died.
• 1977 – Journalist and writer Zekeriya Sertel came to Turkey in 25 after 1977 years. The letters sent by the International Federation of Newspaper Owners to the President and the Prime Minister yielded positive results. Zekeriya Sertel was able to return to Turkey, which he left in 1952, with the decision of the Council of State.
• 1979 – The Process Leading to the 12 September 1980 Coup in Turkey (1979 - 12 September 1980): Süleyman Demirel said, “The government will drown in its sins. The government is responsible for the sea of ​​blood that has occurred in 14 months.” said.
• 1980 – Former Hatay President Tayfur Sökmen died in Istanbul. Tayfur Sökmen was among those who organized the first resistance movement after the occupation of İskenderun Sanjak by the French. He served as the President of the Hatay State, which was established in 1938, until it joined Turkey in 1939. He was in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey as Antalya Deputy between 1939-1950 and as Hatay Deputy between 1950-1954. He also served as a quota senator between 1969 and 1975.
• 1981 – In the investigations carried out by the Ankara Martial Law Command regarding the MHP and its subsidiaries, it was announced that 36 murders were clarified.
• 1981 – The Military Prosecutor's Office of the Istanbul Martial Law Command declared that the allegations that DİSK Chairman Abdullah Baştürk was tortured were unfounded.
• 1984 – Prime Minister Turgut Özal gave harsh answers to the opposition leaders regarding the local elections; "Those who are waiting for an early election after this election are dreaming, let them lick their palms," he said.
• 1989 – There was an explosion in a paint factory in 4th Levent. 3 buildings collapsed, 12 people were killed and 40 injured.
• 1989 – in Istanbul Kadıköy Haldun Taner Theater was opened by transforming the Hal Building.
• 1989 – A group of people protested in the Süleymaniye Mosque with the slogans of "Death to Salman Rushdie" by saying takbir.
• 1992 – grizzly disaster in Kozlu, Zonguldak; 127 people died, 147 people lost hope. In the report prepared by the inspectors, it was documented that the employer acted negligently and irresponsibly in many technical issues.
• 1993 – Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey Hüsamettin Cindoruk pointed out that the escalating tension between President Özal and Prime Minister Demirel was tiring the state, and said, "Those who have a reputation should pay attention to their style in state life."
• 1993 – 300 of the 38 PKK militants who entered Turkey through the Iranian border and settled on Mount Ararat died as a result of the bombardment of warplanes.
• 1993 – The historical Baruthane building was opened under the name "Ataköy Yunus Emre Culture and Art Center".
• 1994 – Instructors' Union was established.
• 1994 – The General Assembly of the Turkish Grand National Assembly lifted the immunity of Selim Sadak from DEP and Hasan Mezarcı, who resigned from the RP Independent Member of Parliament for Istanbul.
• 1997 – The world's tallest building in the southern hemisphere, Sky Tower in Auckland, New Zealand, was put into service after 2 and a half years of construction.
• 2001 – More than 3 people, 6 of whom are sex workers, participated in the “Sex Workers Carnival” held in Kolkata, India, between 25.000-50.000 March, on the “World Sex Workers Rights Day” of 3 March. decided to celebrate. From that day on, March 3 began to be celebrated in many countries of the world as a day of honor where sex workers voiced their rights.
• 2002 – The plebiscite in Switzerland concluded: They said “yes” to become a member of the United Nations.
• 2005 - Steve Fossett becomes the first person to fly solo around the world without stopping and refueling. The trip was 40.234 km and took 67 hours and 2 minutes.
• 2006 – Randy Cunningham is sentenced to 8 years and 4 months in prison and a $1,8 million fine for bribery. The prosecutor had asked for a ten-year sentence. This court order is one of the highest sentences ever given to a member of Congress in American history.
• 2008 – First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev won the presidential election in Russia with 70,28 percent of the vote. Medvedev was sworn in on May 7.

Births

• 1455 – II. João, King of Portugal (d. 1495)
• 1520 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (d. 1575)
• 1583 – Edward Herbert, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (d. 1648)
• 1589 – Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (d. 1676)
• 1606 Edmund Waller, English poet (d. 1687)
• 1652 – Thomas Otway, English playwright (d. 1685)
• 1756 – William Godwin, English journalist, political philosopher, and author (d. 1836)
• 1793 – Charles Sealsfield, American journalist (d. 1864)
• 1797 – Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen, German physicist and hydraulic engineer (d. 1884)
• 1800 – Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist (d. 1862)
• 1803 – Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps, French painter (d. 1860)
• 1805 – Jonas Furrer, Swiss politician (d. 1861)
• 1831 – George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist (d. 1897)
• 1833 – Eduard Georg von Wahl, Baltic German surgeon (d. 1890)
• 1838 – George William Hill, American Astronomer and Mathematician (d. 1914)
• 1839 – Camsetci Tata, Indian industrialist (d. 1904)
• 1845 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (d. 1918)
• 1847 – Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish inventor (d. 1922)
• 1857 – Alfred Bruneau, French opera and other music composer and music critic (d. 1934)
• 1863 Arthur Machen, Welsh writer (d. 1947)
• 1867 – Adday Şer, of Assyrian origin, archbishop of the Chaldean Catholic Church of Siirt (d. 1915)
• 1868 Alain, French philosopher (d. 1951)
• 1869 – William M. Calder, American politician (d. 1945)
• 1869 – Mezide Kadınefendi, II. Abdulhamid's wife (d. 1909)
• 1870 – Géza Maróczy, Hungarian chess grandmaster (d. 1951)
• 1871 – Maurice Garin, French cyclist (d. 1957)
• 1873 – William Green, American labor union leader (d. 1952)
• 1875 – Mammadhasan Hadjinski, Prime Minister of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (d. 1931)
• 1876 ​​– David Lindsay, English writer (d. 1945)
• 1877 – Jón Þorláksson, former Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1935)
• 1882 – Charles Ponzi, Italian businessman and swindler (d. 1949)
• 1883 – František Drtikol, Czech photographer (d. 1961)
• 1886 – Tore Ørjasæter, Norwegian poet (d. 1968)
• 1889 – Émile Henriot, French poet, novelist, essayist, and literary critic (d. 1961)
• 1890 Norman Bethune, Canadian physician and philanthropist (d. 1939)
• 1893 – Beatrice Wood, American ceramic artist (d. 1998)
• 1894 – Goro Yamada, former Japanese football player (d. 1958)
• 1895 – Matthew Ridgway, American soldier and Commander-in-Chief of NATO (d. 1993)
• 1895 – Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch, Norwegian economist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
• 1897 – Timofey Vasilyev, Mordovian lawyer (d. 1939)
• 1898 – Ahmed Muradbegović, Bosnian writer, playwright, and novelist (d. 1972)
• 1911 – Jean Harlow, American actor (d. 1937)
• 1924 – Ottmar Walter, German football player (d. 2013)
• 1924 – Tomiichi Murayama, Japanese politician
• 1925 – Rimma Markova, Russian actress (d. 2015)
• 1926 – Lys Assia, Swiss singer (d. 2018)
• 1930 – Ion Iliescu, Romanian politician and President
• 1933 - Lee Radziwill, American fashion executive
• 1937 – Bobby Driscoll, American actor (d. 1968)
• 1938 – Bruno Bozzetto, Italian cartoon animator
• 1939 – Hussaini Abdullahi, Nigerian senior military and politician (d. 2019)
• 1951 – Salih Muslim, Syrian politician
• 1953 – Zico, Brazilian football player and manager
• 1954 – Ali Ağaoğlu, Turkish businessman
• 1956 – Zbigniew Boniek, Polish football player
• 1958 - Miranda Richardson, English actress
• 1958 – Mustafa Pehlivanoğlu, Turkish idealist (the first idealist executed after the 12 September Coup) (d. 1980)
• 1959 – Ira Glass, American radio host
• 1961 – Perry McCarthy, British racer
• 1961 – Safiye Soyman, Turkish singer
• 1961 – Ümit Özdağ, Turkish academic, politician and writer
• 1962 – Herschel Walker, American football player
• 1962 – Jackie Joyner-Kersee, American athlete
• 1963 – Hamdi Akın İpek, Turkish businessman
• 1963 – Martín Fiz, Spanish runner
• 1963 – Naci Taşdöğen, Turkish cinema, TV series and theater actor
• 1964 – Cem Davran, Turkish actor
• 1966 – Şahap Sayılgan, Turkish cinema and TV series actor
• 1970 – Julie Bowen, American actress
• 1972 – Christian Oliver, German actor
• 1973 – Killa Hakan, Turkish Gangsta Rap artist and songwriter
• 1977 – Berkun Oya, Turkish theater actor
• 1977 – Ronan Keating, Irish singer and Boyzone member
• 1977 – Buddy Valastro, Italian-American chef
• 1982 - Jessica Biel, American actress
• 1986 – Mehmet Topal, Turkish football player
• 1986 – Stacie Orrico, American singer
• 1986 – Sibel Özkan, Turkish weightlifter
• 1994 – Erdi Gülaslan, Turkish basketball player
• 1997 – Camila Cabello, Cuban-American singer and songwriter
• 1991 – Park Chorong, Korean singer, songwriter and actor

Deaths

• 1111 – Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch (b. 1054)
• 1239 – III. Vladimir Rurikovich, Prince of Kyiv (b. 1187)
• 1459 – Ausiàs March, Catalan poet (b. 1397)
• 1578 – Sebastiano Venier, 86th Duke of the Republic of Venice (b. 1496)
• 1592 – Michael Coxcie, Flemish painter (b. 1499)
• 1605 – VIII. Clemens, Italian Pope (b. 1536)
• 1703 – Robert Hooke, English hezarfen (b. 1635)
• 1706 – Johann Pachelbel, German composer (b. 1653)
• 1707 – Alemgir Shah I, 6th Emperor of the Mughal Empire (b. 1618)
• 1717 – Pierre Allix, French Protestant priest (b. 1641)
• 1744 – Jean Barbeyrac, French lawyer (b. 1674)
• 1765 – William Stukeley, English archaeologist (b. 1687)
• 1768 – Nicola Porpora, Italian composer (b. 1686)
• 1792 – Robert Adam, Scottish architect (b. 1728)
• 1842 – Ludwig von Westphalen, Prussian aristocrat (b. 1770)
• 1843 – David Porter, American admiral (b. 1780)
• 1850 – Oliver Cowdery, American religious leader (b. 1806)
• 1894 – Ned Williamson, American baseball player (b. 1857)
• 1902 – Isaac Dignus Fransen van de Putte, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1822)
• 1905 – ‎Antonio Annetto Caruana‎‎, Maltese archaeologist and writer (b. 1830)
• 1924 – Viktor von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, Austrian ornithologist (b. 1847)
• 1927 – JG Parry-Thomas, Welsh racing driver (b. 1884)
• 1927 – Mikhail Petrovich Artsibasev, Russian writer (b. 1878)
• 1932 – Eugen d'Albert, German composer (b. 1864)
• 1940 – Hüseyinzade Ali Turan, Turkish doctor, professor and writer (b. 1864)
• 1945 – William M. Calder, American politician (b. 1869)
• 1948 – Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer, Hungarian lawyer and politician (b. 1881)
• 1959 – Lou Castello, American actor and comedian (Costello of Abbott and Costello) (b. 1906)
• 1973 – Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, 47th President of Mexico (b. 1889)
• 1980 – Tayfur Sökmen, Turkish politician and President of Hatay State (b. 1891)
• 1982 – Georges Perec, French writer (b. 1936)
• 1982 – Sekine Evren, wife of Kenan Evren (b. 1922)
• 1983 – Georges Remi Hergé, Belgian illustrator and creator of the comic character Tintin (b. 1907)
• 1987 – Danny Kaye, American actor, singer, and comedian (b. 1913)
• 1991 – İmran Aydın, Turkish political activist and member of the Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey (b. 1963)
• 1993 – Albert Sabin, Polish-American medical researcher (developed the oral polio vaccine) (b. 1906)
• 1993 – Carlos Montoya, Spanish flamenco guitarist (b. 1903)
• 1994 – Bilge Olgaç, Turkish cinema director and screenwriter (first and most female director) (b. 1940)
• 1995 – Howard W. Hunter, American religious leader (b. 1907)
• 1995 – Mustafa Irgat, Turkish poet and painter (b. 1950)
• 1996 – Marguerite Duras, French writer (b. 1914)
• 1999 – Gerhard Herzberg, German-Canadian physicist and physical chemist (b. 1904)
• 2001 – Ruhi Sarıalp, Turkish athlete (b. 1924)
• 2002 – Roy Porter, British historian (b. 1946)
• 2003 – Horst Buchholz, German film actor (b. 1933)
• 2005 – Rinus Michels, Dutch football player and manager (b. 1928)
• 2006 – Tunç Yalman, Turkish actor (b. 1925)
• 2008 – Giuseppe Di Stefano, Italian opera singer and tenor (b. 1921)
• 2009 – Yusuf Hayaloğlu, Turkish poet (b. 1953)
• 2011 – Ümran Baradan, Turkish painting and ceramic artist (b. 1945)
• 2013 – Müslüm Gürses, Turkish singer and actor (b. 1953)
• 2014 – Christine Buchegger, Austrian stage, film and television actress (b. 1942)
• 2014 – Altan Günbay, Turkish cinema artist (b. 1931)
• 2016 – Eiji Ezaki, Japanese professional wrestler (b. 1968)
• 2016 – Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores, award-winning Honduran environmentalist, activist, and indigenous rights activist (b. 1973)
• 2016 – Martin David Crowe, New Zealand cricketer and writer (b. 1962)
• 2016 – Thanat Khoman, Thai politician and diplomat (b. 1914)
• 2016 – Sarah Anne Tait, premarital surname Outhwaite, Australian rower (b. 1983)
• 2016 – Ahmet Oktay, Turkish poet, writer and journalist (b. 1933)
• 2017 – Raymond Kopa (named Kopaszewski), French football player (b. 1931)
• 2017 – René Garcia Préval is a Haitian agronomist and politician. He served twice as president of Haiti (b. 1943)
• 2018 – Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister was a British middle-distance athlete and neurologist who ran the first sub-4-minute mile (b. 1929)
• 2018 – David Allen Ogden Stiers, American comedian and actor (b. 1942)
• 2020 – Bozidar Alić, Croatian actor (b. 1954)

Holidays and special occasions

• World Ear and Hearing Day
• Liberation of Erzurum's Aşkale district from Russian and Armenian occupation (1918)
• Liberation of Erzurum's Pazaryolu district from Russian and Armenian occupation (1918)