Today in History: Estonia Declares Its Independence From Russia

February 24 is the 55nd day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. The number of days left until the end of the year is 310.

Railways

• February 24, 1933 The behavior of the Belgian manager, who was angry at the Turkish speaking of the officer named Naci Bey, who worked at the French Wagons Lits Bedding Wagons Company and said that the language of the company was in French, attracted great reaction from the Turkish public. University students gathered and protested at the company's headquarters in Beyoğlu and attacked the company with the slogan "Turkish and Turkish are dominant in this country". Then they walked to the company's Karaköy branch. Police intervened in the demonstrations.

Events

• 303 - With the edict of Galerius, the persecution of Christians began in the part of the Roman Empire that he ruled.
• 1525 - The Spanish Imperial Army defeats the French Forces at the Battle of Pavia.
• 1739 – In the Battle of Karnal, the Afshar army under the command of Nadir Shah Afshar defeated the Mughal army in 6 hours, although it was 3 times more than him.
• 1848 - King of France, Louis-Philippe abdicates.
• 1863 - Arizona became a United States territory.
• 1895 – The Cuban War of Independence begins in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, which will last until the Spanish-American War.
• 1908 Galip Üstün founded the “Topkapı Fukaraperver Society”.
• 1912 – The Battle of Beirut is fought, resulting in Italy's victory.
• 1918 – Estonia declared its independence from Russia.
• 1920 – The name of the German Workers' Party in Germany was changed to the "National Socialist German Workers' Party". The party schedule was announced on the same day.
• 1931 – The number of unemployed in Germany reached 4,9 million.
• 1942 – An attempt was made to assassinate Franz von Papen, the German Ambassador to Ankara, in Ankara. The Ambassador and his wife escaped unharmed; It was determined that the assassin was a Yugoslav immigrant Ömer Tokat.
• 1942 – The ship “Struma” carrying 769 Romanian Jews is sunk in the Black Sea; Only one passenger survived.
• 1945 - Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmet Mahir Pasha was assassinated in parliament.
• 1946 - Juan Perón becomes President of Argentina.
• 1950 - Labor Party wins elections in Great Britain, but fails to secure a majority.
• 1954 – Pieces of ice, descending from the Danube to the Black Sea and from there to the Bosphorus, covered the entire Bosphorus and the harbor in layers; maritime traffic stopped.
• 1955 – Mutual cooperation agreement (CENTO) between Turkey and Iraq was signed in Baghdad. Later, the United Kingdom, Iran and Pakistan joined as members, and the United States as observers.
• 1960 – Poet Necip Fazıl Kısakürek; He was sentenced to 5 years, 2 months, 15 days in prison.
• 1976 – The Cuban constitution is proclaimed.
• 1977 - The United States cuts aid to Argentina, Uruguay and Ethiopia. President Jimmy Carter announced that they took this decision on the grounds that there were human rights violations in the mentioned countries.
• 1977 – Turkish physicist Prof. Dr. Feza Gürsey was deemed worthy of the Oppenheimer Award. Gürsey shared his award with the American physicist Sheldon Glashow.
• 1981 - Buckingham Palace announced the engagement of Prince Charles and Lady Diana.
• 1981 - An earthquake measuring 6,7 on the Richter scale struck Athens. 16 people died.
• 1983 – 12th execution of the September 40 Coup: In 1975, Fatih Laçingil, who tied the arms of the person whose money he had usurped, knocked him unconscious with head and fist blows, threw his body into the swamp, was executed.
• 1983 – 12st execution of the September 41 Coup: On August 11, 1980, he went to the olive grove where the woman who did not marry her brother but married someone else worked. "You didn't reach my brother." Fayık Güngörmez, who shot 5 shots from afar and 2 shots from close, killed the woman, was executed.
• 1983 – Necmettin Erbakan was sentenced to 4 years in prison and 1 year and 4 months in exile for acts against secularism.
• 1987 - In the Soviet Union, Gorbachev spoke for the first time about "Glasnost" (politics of openness).
• 1989 – Ayatollah Khomeini, Satanic Verses The author of the book, Salman Rushdie, announced that he will give a reward of 3 million dollars to those who bring his body.
• 1992 - Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain married Courtney Love.
• 1993 – The Council of State upheld the decision of the Administrative Court, which rejected the lawsuit filed by Samiye Yaltırım for Nâzım Hikmet's naturalization.
• 1999 – A Tupolev Tu-154 type passenger plane belonging to China Airlines crashes while landing at Wenzhou Airport: 61 people are killed.
• 2002 – The Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City (Utah, USA) come to an end.
• 2005 - Penguin Due to the cover of the magazine called Tayyipler Alemi, the owner of the magazine, Erdil Yaşaroğlu, and Pak Publishing were demanded 40 thousand YTL for non-pecuniary damages.
• 2006 – Turkey ratified the 13th protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights, which stipulates the abolition of the death penalty in times of war and danger of war, as well as in times of peace.
• 2008 - Fidel Castro retired after fifty years of rule. Raul Castro became President of Cuba.
• 2009 – There was a Kurdish crisis at the group meeting of the DTP. When Ahmet Türk started speaking in Kurdish, TRT, which was giving the speech live, stopped its broadcast.

Births

• 1103 – Toba is the 74th emperor of Japan in the traditional succession order (d. 1156)
• 1304 – Ibn Battuta, Moroccan traveler and writer (d. 1369)
• 1500 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1558)
• 1536 – VIII. Clemens, Italian Pope (d. 1605)
• 1734 – Maria I was Queen of Portugal from 1777-1816 and Queen of Brazil from 1815 to 1816 (d. 1816)
• 1567 – Jindřich Matyáš Thurn, Czech nobleman (d. 1640)
• 1619 – Charles Le Brun, French painter (d. 1690)
• 1709 – Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor, artist, and Catholic priest (d. 1782)
• 1743 – Joseph Banks, English naturalist, botanist (d. 1820)
• 1744 – Fyodor Ushakov, Russian admiral (d. 1817)
• 1786 – Wilhelm Grimm, German fairy tale writer (d. 1859)
• 1814 – Emil Dessewffy, Hungarian conservative politician (d. 1866)
• 1824 – Henri Alfred Jacquemart, French sculptor (d. 1896)
• 1826 – Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg, Dutch politician (d. 1885)
• 1829 – Friedrich Spielhagen, German novelist, literary theorist, and translator (d. 1911)
• 1831 – Leo von Caprivi, soldier and statesman who became chancellor of Germany (d. 1899)
• 1835 – Šimun Milinović, Croatian cleric (d. 1910)
• 1836 – Winslow Homer, American painter and printmaker (d. 1910)
• 1842 – Arrigo Boito, Italian poet, novelist, journalist, opera composer, and librettoist (d. 1918)
• 1843 – Teófilo Braga, President of Portugal, writer, playwright (d. 1924)
• 1846 – Luigi Denza, Italian composer (d. 1922)
• 1848 – Henry Houssaye, French historian, academic, art and literary critic (d. 1911)
• 1864 – Hüseyinzade Ali Turan, Turkish doctor, professor and writer (d. 1940)
• 1864 – Karl Fritsch, Austrian botanist (d. 1934)
• 1868 – George R. Lawrence, American photographer (d. 1938)
• 1874 – George Botsford, American Ragtime composer (d. 1949)
• 1879 – Thomas McIntosh, English football player (d. 1935)
• 1881 – Abdullah Shaik, Azerbaijani writer, poet, teacher (d. 1959)
• 1882 – Ekrem Libohova, Albanian prime minister (d. 1948)
• 1885 – Fuat Umay, Turkish politician (d. 1963)
• 1885 – Chester Nimitz, American admiral (d. 1966)
• 1886 – Abbaskulu Bey Shadlinski, Soviet revolutionary (d. 1930)
• 1889 – Curt Bräuer, German diplomat (d. 1969)
• 1895 – Osman Fuad Efendi, prince of the Ottoman Dynasty (d. 1973)
• 1898 – Kurt Tank, German aeronautical engineer (d. 1983)
• 1921 – Abe Vigoda, American television and film actor (d. 2016)
• 1932 – John Vernon, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
• 1934 – Bettino Craxi, Italian politician and socialist leader (d. 2000)
• 1935 – Hasna Begum, Bangladeshi philosopher and women's rights activist (d. 2020)
• 1936 – Ferit Edgü, Turkish storyteller, poet, novelist and essayist
• 1940 – Yuksel Pazarkaya, Turkish writer
• 1943 – Cihat Tamer, Turkish cinema, theater and TV series actor
• 1951 – Garo Mafyan, Armenian-born Turkish composer and arranger
• 1952 – Gaffar Okkan, Turkish policeman (d. 2001)
• 1953 – Selman Ada, Turkish composer, conductor and pianist
• 1954 – Plastic Bertrand is a Belgian singer
• 1954 – Sid Meier, Canadian computer programmer
• 1955 - Alain Prost, French racing driver
• 1955 – Steve Jobs, American computer pioneer (d. 2011)
• 1956 - Judith Butler, American poststructuralist philosopher
• 1958 - Mark Moses is an American actor
• 1959 - Beth Broderick is an American actress.
• 1961 – Mustafa Armağan, Turkish investigative writer and journalist
• 1966 Billy Zane, American actor and director
• 1967 – Brian Schmidt, Australian astronomer and astrophysicist
• 1971 - Pedro de la Rosa, Spanish Formula 1 driver
• 1973 – Chris Fehn, American musician, percussion and backing vocalist of Slipknot
• 1973 – Tuna Kiremitçi, Turkish writer
• 1976 – Zach Johnson, American golfer
• 1977 – Floyd Mayweather, Jr., American professional boxing promoter and former professional boxer
• 1980 – Shinsuke Nakamura, Japanese professional wrestler
• 1981 – Felipe Baloy is a Panamanian football player.
• 1981 – Lleyton Hewitt, Australian tennis player
• 1982 - Emanuel Villa is an Argentine football player.
• 1987 – Kim Kyu Jong, South Korean singer and DJ, member of SS501
• 1991 – Semih Kaya, Turkish football player

Deaths

• 1588 – Johann Weyer, Dutch physician, occultist, and demonologist (b. 1515)
• 1704 – Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer and singer (b. 1643)
• 1777 – José I, King of Portugal and the Algarve (b. 1714)
• 1779 – Paul Daniel Longolius, German encyclopedist (b. 1704)
• 1785 – Carl Bonaparte, Italian lawyer and diplomat (b. 1746)
• 1799 – Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German professor of natural sciences, astronomy and mathematics, writer, critic (b. 1742)
• 1810 – Henry Cavendish, English scientist (b. 1731)
• 1812 – Etienne-Louis Malus, French physicist and mathematician (b. 1775)
• 1815 – Robert Fulton, American inventor (b. 1765)
• 1855 – Carl Anton von Meyer, Russian botanist and explorer (b. 1795)
• 1856 – Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician (b. 1792)
• 1862 – Bernhard Severin Ingemann, Danish novelist and poet (b. 1789)
• 1876 ​​– Joseph Jenkins Roberts, Liberian politician (b. 1809)
• 1902 – Samuel Rawson Gardiner, English historian (b. 1829)
• 1907 – Alfred Jean Baptiste Lemaire, French army musician and composer (b. 1842)
• 1910 – Osman Hamdi Bey, Turkish archaeologist, painter and museum curator (b. 1842)
• 1911 – Jules Joseph Lefebvre, French portrait painter (b. 1836)
• 1920 – Franklin Murphy, American politician (b. 1846)
• 1922 – ‎Richard Hamilton‎‎, English painter and academic (‎d. 2011)
• 1923 – Edward Morley, American physicist and professor of chemistry (b. 1838)
• 1925 – Hjalmar Branting, Swedish prime minister and Nobel Peace Prize laureate (b. 1860)
• 1947 – Pierre Janet, French psychologist and neurologist (b. 1859)
• 1954 – Ferenc Herczeg, Hungarian playwright (b. 1863)
• 1977 – Yorgo Bacanos, Turkish composer and oud player (b. 1900)
• 1990 – Malcolm Forbes, American publisher (b. 1919)
• 1990 – Mustafa Münir Birsel, Turkish politician (b. 1897)
• 1992 – Hıfzı Veldet Velidedeoğlu, Turkish lawyer, academician, writer and journalist (b. 1904)
• 1994 – Dinah Shore, American actress and singer (b. 1916)
• 1998 – Antonio Prohias, Cuban-born cartoonist, (illustrator of “Spy vs. Spy” in Mad) (b. 1921)
• 2001 – Claude Elwood Shannon, American mathematician and electrical engineer (b. 1916)
• 2002 – Martin Esslin, British producer and screenwriter (b. 1918)
• 2003 – Alberto Sordi, Italian actor (b. 1920)
• 2003 – Güven Önüt, Turkish former national football player and coach (b. 1940)
• 2004 – John Randolph, American stage, film and television actor (b. 1915)
• 2005 – Coşkun Kırca, Turkish diplomat, politician and former Foreign Minister (b. 1927)
• 2006 – Don Knotts, American actor (b. 1924)
• 2006 – Dennis Weaver, American actor (b. 1924)
• 2007 – Akgün Tekin, Turkish journalist and writer (b. 1940)
• 2007 – Orçun Sonat, Turkish soldier, film and theater actor (b. 1941)
• 2014 – Alexis Hunter, New Zealand painter and photographer (b. 1948)
• 2014 – Harold Ramis, American actor, director, and screenwriter (b. 1944)
• 2015 – Rahat Aliyev, Kazakh diplomat, politician and businessman (b. 1962)
• 2016 – Adriana Benetti, Italian actress (b. 1919)
• 2016 – Mehmed Kırkıncı, Turkish cleric and writer (b. 1928)
• 2017 – Daryl, American magician (b. 1955)
• 2017 – Gustaw Lutkiewicz, Lithuanian-Polish actor and singer (b. 1924)
• 2018 – Shmuel Auerbach, Israeli Haredi Jewish rabbi (b. 1931)
• 2018 – Bud Luckey, American animator, cartoonist, singer, musician, designer, composer, artist, and voice actor (b. 1934)
• 2018 – Sridevi, Indian actress (b. 1963)
• 2019 – Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, German lawyer, writer and supreme judge (b. 1930)
• 2019 – Patricia Garwood, English stage, film and television actress (b. 1941)
• 2019 – Antoine Gizenga, Congolese politician (b. 1925)
• 2019 – Donald Keene, American-Japanese translator, Japanologist, and educator (b. 1922)
• 2020 – Diana Serra Cary, American silent film actress, writer, and historian (b. 1918)
• 2020 – Ben Cooper, American actor (b. 1933)
• 2020 – István Csukás, Hungarian poet and writer (b. 1936)
• 2020 – Clive Cussler, American adventure novelist (b. 1931)
• 2020 – Katherine Johnson, American astrophysicist, space scientist, and mathematician (b. 1918)
• 2020 – Jahn Teigen, Norwegian singer (b. 1949)
• 2021 – Antonio Catricalà, Italian public administrator, politician, academic and lawyer (b. 1952)
• 2021 – Ronald Pickup, English actor (b. 1940)

Holidays and special occasions

• Liberation of Trabzon from Russian and Armenian occupation (1918)
• Liberation of Yomra district of Trabzon from Russian and Armenian occupation (1918)