Today in History: Circassian Ethem's Forces Are Disbanded

January 24 is the 24th day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar. Number of days remaining until the end of the year341.

Railways

• 24 January 1857 A contract was signed with the British Parliamentary Labro for the construction of Rumeli Railways.
• 1921 – The law on the construction of the Ankara-Sivas Railway was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly. The construction of the line was completed in 1930.
• 1963 – Hürriyet newspaper writer Yüksel Kasapbaşı, photojournalist Abidin Behpur and the driver of the vehicle, Yüksel Öztürk, froze to death on January 23, when they left their newspaper to report on the train stuck in the ground in Çatalca. Their frozen corpses were found near Çatalca on January 25.

Events

• 41 – Roman Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, known as Caligula and famous for his cruelty, despotism, and madness, is killed by his guards.
• 1679 – King of England II. Charles dissolved parliament.
• 1848 - Gold was found in California.
• 1921 – The forces of Circassian Ethem were disbanded.
• 1924 – The name of the city of Saint-Peterburg in Russia was changed to Leningrad in memory of the revolutionary leader (Vladimir Lenin).
• 1927 – The law on pharmacists and pharmacies was accepted in the Turkish Grand National Assembly.
• 1927 - Alfred Hitchcock's first film The Pleasure Garden Released in the United Kingdom.
• 1935 – The first can of beer is offered for sale by the Krueger Brewing Company in Richmond, Virginia (United States).
• 1938 – Izmir Telephone Company was bought by the government.
• 1939 – 28 people died in an earthquake in Chile.
• 1943 – II. World War II: The Casablanca Conference, attended by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, ends.
• 1946 - The United Nations established the International Atomic Energy Commission.
• 1946 – Republican People's Party Art Award 35 years old Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı won with his poem.
• 1949 – Behçet Kemal Çağlar resigned from the Republican People's Party and from the parliament.
• 1955 – In Zonguldak, 52 miners were killed and 19 miners were injured in the firedamp explosion in the Gelik quarry of Ereğli Coal Enterprises.
• 1956 – 388 prisoners revolted in Eskişehir Prison.
• 1959 – Neşe Cinema collapsed in Istanbul Küçükyalı; 37 people were killed and many injured.
• 1961 - Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller divorced. The couple was married for five years.
• 1961 – At the Yassıada hearings, Chief Prosecutor Altay Ömer Egesel demanded the execution of Adnan Menderes.
• 1964 – The ATAŞ strike, which had a negative impact on the Turkish economy, ended with the agreement of the employer and the union.
• 1965 – Alfred Hitchcock's Perverse The movie was released in Turkey.
• 1966 – An Indian Airlines Boeing 707 passenger plane crashed into the Mont Blanc peaks of the Alps as it was preparing to land in Geneva, Switzerland, while on the Mumbai-New York flight: 117 people were killed.
• 1967 – University students protested against the Turkish National Student Federation. They held a rally in Ankara. The National Student Federation of Turkey was sealed by the police on 19 January, and its five executives were arrested on 21 January.
• 1972 – Mahir Çayan's inheritance from his grandfather was confiscated by the martial law court.
• 1972 – İsmet İnönü said “There should be no execution for political crimes” and demanded the abolition of martial law.
• 1972 - World War II in the jungles of Guam. The Japanese national soldier, who had been hiding since World War II not to surrender, has been found.
• 1973 – Ali Haydar Yıldız was killed in a clash with a soldier in the village of Vartinik in the Çemişgezek district of Tunceli. His friend İbrahim Kaypakkaya escaped injured.
• 1975 – 28 thousand Sümerbank workers received a 70 percent increase in their wages. A collective bargaining agreement was signed between Sümerbank and the Turkish Textile, Knitting and Clothing Industry Workers' Union (TEKSİF).
• 1977 – A bus carrying Turkish and Yugoslav passengers crashed into the Kumanova river near Skopje. 24 people died in the accident, 19 people were injured.
• 1978 – The song "Biz", which competed in the Eurovision qualifiers, became a finalist with the decision of the Council of State.
• 1978 – Carrying nuclear reactor belonging to the Soviet Union Cosmos 954 The satellite, named after it, burned to pieces as it entered the Earth's atmosphere, its radioactive fallout spreading over northwest Canada. Only 1% of the scattered pieces could be collected.
• 1979 – The Process Leading to the September 12, 1980 Coup in Turkey (1979- September 12, 1980): Revolutionary Democratic Culture Associations, “Removal of non-Kurdish civil servants from the region in the East”  Since the state's decision was not fulfilled, the house of the deputy prosecutor in Derik district of Mardin was scanned with long-range weapons.
• 1980 – The Process Leading to the 12 September 1980 Coup in Turkey (1979 - 12 September 1980): Süleyman Demirel Government announced the “24 January Decisions”. The dollar was increased from 35 lira to 70 lira. Many products have been greatly increased. Bulent Ecevit, “Demirel is trying to change the regime, workers should oppose these decisions and get their rights” told.
• 1980 – The Process Leading to the 12 September 1980 Coup in Turkey (1979 - 12 September 1980): Tariş events: Clashes continued in Tariş. 20 people, including 35 policemen and one gendarme, were injured. 450 students were detained.
• 1983 – The 1st Army and the Istanbul Martial Law Command banned the printing, publication and distribution of the Cumhuriyet newspaper. A lawsuit was filed against Nadir Nadi and Editor-in-Chief Okay Gönensin.
• 1984 - Macintosh computers are released.
• 1986 – Voyager 2 satellite passed within 81.500 km of Uranus.
• 1989 – Serial killer Ted Bundy was executed by the electric chair in Florida for the 1978 kidnapping and murder of 12-year-old Kimberley Leach.
• 1990 – The Ankara 3rd High Criminal Court sentenced businessman Kemal Horzum to 60 years and 34 months of heavy imprisonment for allegedly defrauding Türkiye Emlak Bankası 12 million dollars and 6 million Swiss Francs. The same punishment was given to both bank officials.
• 1993 – The Nationalist Work Party changed its name to the Nationalist Action Party.
• 1993 – Journalist and writer Uğur Mumcu was killed when a bomb placed in his car exploded.
• 1994 – Turkey's first communication satellite Türksat 1A fell into the ocean 12 minutes and 12 seconds after launch.
• 1997 – Denizbank was sold to Zorlu Holding Chairman Ahmet Nazif Zorlu, who also owns Vestel, for 66 million dollars, in a contentious tender.
• 2000 – A plane belonging to Top Air crashed around Güdül, 4 people died.
• 2001 – Diyarbakır Police Chief, Gaffar Okkan, his 4 bodyguards and driver were killed in an armed attack.
• 2006 – The Kuwaiti Parliament dismisses Emir Sheikh Saad I Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, who succeeded Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmed al-Sabah, who died nine days ago. The parliament cited the poor health of 75-year-old Emir as the reason for its unanimous decision.
• 2004 - NASA's Opportunity rover landed on the Martian surface two weeks after its twin Spirit.
• 2006 – Eight people were killed and more than 8 injured in two explosions in Ahvaz, southwest Iran.
• 2008 – In Gaziantep, a policeman was killed and seven policemen and a citizen were injured in eighteen simultaneous operations against Al-Qaeda. In the operation, four people were killed and nineteen people were detained.
• 2011 – 37 people were killed and 173 injured in the Domodedovo Airport attack.
• 2020 – An earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter Scale occurred in Elazig, the epicenter of which was Sivrice-Kalaba.^[1]

Births

• 76 – Hadrian, Roman Emperor; Third of the "Five Good Emperors" (d. 138)
• 1287 – Richard de Bury, English bishop and politician, Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1345)
• 1444 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1476)
• 1540 – Edmund Campion, English priest (d. 1581)
• 1547 – Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Archduchess of Austria (d. 1578)
• 1602 – Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland, English politician (d. 1666)
• 1619 – Yamazaki Ansai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1682)
• 1643 – Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and politician, Lord of Great Britain (d. 1706)
• 1664 – John Vanbrugh, English architect and playwright (d. 1726)
• 1670 – William Congreve, English playwright and poet (d. 1729)
• 1672 – Albert Frederick, Prince of Prussia, German Lieutenant General, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (d. 1731)
• 1674 Thomas Tanner, English bishop (d. 1735)
• 1679 – Christian Wolff, German philosopher (d. 1754)
• 1684 – Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg, German nobleman (d. 1737)
• 1705 – Farinelli, Italian contralto, soprano, and castrato (d. 1782)
• 1709 – Dom Bédos de Celles, French monk and organist (d. 1779)
• 1712 – II. Frederick, King of Prussia (d. 1786)
• 1732 – Pierre Beaumarchais, French playwright, poet, and diplomat (d. 1799)
• 1739 – Jean Nicolas Hochard, French General of the French Revolution (d. 1793)
• 1746 – III. Gustav, king of Sweden (d. 1792)
• 1749 – Charles James Fox, English businessman and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (d. 1806)
• 1754 – Andrew Ellicott, US soldier and researcher (d. 1820)
• 1776 – ETA Hoffmann, German composer, writer of horror stories, and cartoonist (d. 1822)
• 1787 – Christian Ludwig Brehm, German cleric and ornithologist (d. 1864)
• 1802 – Marie-Félicité Brosset, French orientalist (d. 1880)
• 1828 – Ferdinand Cohn, Jewish biologist (d. 1898)
• 1848 – Vasily Surikov, Russian painter (d. 1916)
• 1850 – Hermann Ebbinghaus, German psychologist (known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the gap effect) (d. 1909)
• 1862 – Edith Wharton, American author and fashion designer (d. 1937)
• 1870 – Herbert Kilpin, English football player and manager (d. 1916)
• 1882 – Doris Doscher, American actress and model (d. 1970)
• 1886 – Henry King, American film director (d. 1982)
• 1888 Jan Syrový, Czech soldier (d. 1970)
• 1889 – Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke, German general and writer (d. 1968)
• 1891 – Walter Model, German field marshal (d. 1945)
• 1893 – Viktor Shklovsky, Russian critic and writer (one of the pioneers of the "Formalism" movement that influenced Soviet literature in the 1920s) (d. 1984)
• 1898 – Karl Hermann Frank, German Nazi officer (d. 1946)
• 1907 – Maurice Couve de Murville, French politician and former prime minister (d. 1999)
• 1912 – Naşide Saffet Esen, Turkish model and 1931 Miss Turkey (d. 1988)
• 1916 – Rafael Caldera, Venezuelan politician (d. 2009)
• 1917 – Ali Yaramancı, Turkish soldier, engineer and scientist (Turkey's first geophysics engineer and first geophysics professor) (d. 2008)
• 1917 – Ernest Borgnine, Italian-American stage and film actor (d. 2012)
• 1925 – Maria Tallchief, American ballet dancer (d. 2013)
• 1928 – Michel Serrault, French actor (d. 2007)
• 1933 – Kadir Mısıroğlu, Turkish writer (d. 2019)
• 1940 – Fatoş Balkır, Turkish singer (d. 1986)
• 1940 – Joachim Gauck, German politician
• 1941 – Neil Diamond, American singer
• 1941 – Dan Shechtman, Israeli professor, chemist, and Nobel Prize laureate in Chemistry
• 1943 Sharon Tate, American actress (d. 1969)
• 1946 – Güven Hokna, Turkish theater, cinema and TV series artist
• 1946 – Şahin Yenişehirlioğlu, Turkish writer, thinker and actor
• 1949 – John Belushi, American actor (d. 1982)
• 1953 – Moon Jae-in, South Korean politician and 12th President of South Korea
• 1961 – Nastassia Kinski, German film actress
• 1982 – Resul Dindar, Turkish folk music singer
• 1983 – Scott Speed, American racing driver
• 1986 – Mischa Barton, American actress
• 1987 – Kia Vaughn, American basketball player

Deaths

• 41 – Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), Roman Emperor (b. 12)
• 1595 – II. Ferdinand, Duke of Austria (b. 1529)
• 1822 – Tepedelenli Ali Pasha, Ottoman Governor of Ioannina (b. 1744)
• 1828 – Jakob Laurenz Custer, Swiss botanist (b. 1755)
• 1851 – Gaspare Spontini, Italian composer (b. 1774)
• 1852 – Ján Kollár, Slovak writer, archaeologist, scientist, politician (b. 1793)
• 1865 – Stephen Allen Benson, Liberian politician (b. 1816)
• 1883 – Friedrich von Flotow, German musician and opera composer (b. 1812)
• 1916 – Isa Bolatin, Kosovo Albanian guerilla and politician (b. 1864)
• 1920 – Amedeo Modigliani, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1884)
• 1945 – Hezi Aslanov, Soviet general of Azerbaijani descent (b. 1910)
• 1962 – Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, Turkish writer and poet (b. 1901)
• 1965 - Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Nobel Prize winner for Literature (b. 1874)
• 1973 – Ali Haydar Yıldız, Turkish revolutionary and one of the founders of TKP/ML-TİKKO (b. 1953)
• 1983 – George Cukor, American film director (b. 1899)
• 1986 – Gordon MacRae, American actor and singer (b. 1921)
• 1986 – L. Ron Hubbard, American author (b. 1911)
• 1989 – Ted Bundy, American serial killer (b. 1946)
• 1993 – Uğur Mumcu, Turkish journalist and writer (assassinated) (b. 1942)
• 2001 – Ali Gaffar Okkan, Turkish police and Diyarbakır Police Chief (assassinated) (b. 1952)
• 2003 – Aysel Baykal, Turkish politician and Minister of State (b. 1939)
• 2004 – Leonidas, Brazilian football player (b. 1913)
• 2006 – Chris Penn, American actor (b. 1965)
• 2006 – Mümtaz Sevinç, Turkish theater and voice actor (murder) (b. 1952)
• 2007 – İsmail Cem, Turkish politician, journalist and Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1940)
• 2010 – Erdinç Dinçer, Turkish cinema, theater and TV series actor (b. 1944)
• 2010 – Nedim Doğan, Turkish theater, film and television actor (b. 1945)
• 2010 – Şakir Eczacıbaşı, Turkish pharmacist, photographer and businessman (b. 1929)
• 2011 – Hanna Yablonskaya, Ukrainian playwright and poet (b. 1981)
• 2012 – Theodoros Angelopoulos, Greek director (b. 1935)
• 2015 – Julio Canessa, Chilean soldier and politician (b. 1925)
• 2015 – Otto Carius, German soldier and Heer Tank Commander (b. 1922)
• 2016 – Furuzan, Iranian film actor, producer and artistic director (b. 1937)
• 2016 – Marvin Minsky, American scientist (b. 1927)
• 2019 – Elio Berhanyer, Spanish fashion designer. (b. 1929)
• 2021 – Jeanette Maus, American actress and producer (b. 1981)